Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING 209 Lock Types The three general classes of locks in Oracle are as follows: • DML locks: DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. In general this means SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, MERGE, and DELETE statements. DML locks are the mechanism that allows for concurrent data modifications. DML locks will be, for example, locks on a specific row of data or a lock at the table level that locks every row in the table. • DDL locks: DDL stands for Data Definition Language (CREATE and ALTER statements, and so on). DDL locks protect the definition of the structure of objects. • Internal locks and latches: Oracle uses these locks to protect its internal data structures. For example, when Oracle parses a query and generates an optimized query plan, it will “latch” the library cache to put that plan in there for other sessions to use. A latch is a lightweight, low-level serialization device employed by Oracle, similar in function to a lock. Do not confuse or be misled by the term “lightweight”—latches are a common cause of contention in the database, as you will see. They are lightweight in their implementation, but not in their effect. We will now take a more detailed look at the specific types of locks within each of these general classes and the implications of their use. There are more lock types than I can cover here. The ones I cover in the sections that follow are the most common and are held for a long duration. The other types of lock are generally held for very short periods of time. DML Locks DML locks are used to ensure that only one person at a time modifies a row and that no one can drop a table upon which you are working. Oracle will place these locks for you, more or less transparently, as you do work. TX (Transaction) Locks A TX lock is acquired when a transaction initiates its first change, and it is held until the transaction performs a COMMIT or ROLLBACK. It is used as a queuing mechanism so that other sessions can wait for the transaction to complete. Each and every row you modify or SELECT FOR UPDATE in a transaction will “point” to an associated TX lock for that transaction. While this sounds expensive, it is not. To understand why this is, you need a conceptual understanding of where locks “live” and how they are managed. In Oracle, locks are stored as an attribute of the data (see Chapter 10 for an overview of the Oracle block format). Oracle does not have a traditional lock manager that keeps a long list of every row that is locked in the system. Many other databases do it that way because, for them, locks are a scarce resource, the use of which needs to be monitored. The more locks are in use, the more these systems have to manage, so it is a concern in these systems if “too many” locks are being used. In a database with a traditional memory-based lock manager, the process of locking a row would resemble the following:
210 CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING 1. Find the address of the row you want to lock. 2. Get in line at the lock manager (which must be serialized, as it is a common inmemory structure). 3. Lock the list. 4. Search through the list to see if anyone else has locked this row. 5. Create a new entry in the list to establish the fact that you have locked the row. 6. Unlock the list. Now that you have the row locked, you can modify it. Later, as you commit your changes you must continue the procedure as follows: 7. Get in line again. 8. Lock the list of locks. 9. Search through the list and release all of your locks. 10. Unlock the list. As you can see, the more locks acquired, the more time spent on this operation, both before and after modifying the data. Oracle does not do it that way. Oracle’s process looks like this: 1. Find the address of the row you want to lock. 2. Go to the row. 3. Lock the row (waiting for the transaction that has it locked to end if it is already locked, unless you are using the NOWAIT option). That’s it. Since the lock is stored as an attribute of the data, Oracle does not need a traditional lock manager. The transaction will simply go to the data and lock it (if it is not locked already). The interesting thing is that the data may appear locked when you get to it, even if it is not. When you lock rows of data in Oracle, the row points to a copy of the transaction ID that is stored with the block containing the data, and when the lock is released that transaction ID is left behind. This transaction ID is unique to your transaction and represents the rollback segment number, slot, and sequence number. You leave that on the block that contains your row to tell other sessions that you “own” this data (not all of the data on the block—just the one row you are modifying). When another session comes along, it sees the lock ID and, using the fact that it represents a transaction, it can quickly see if the transaction holding the lock is still active. If the lock is not active, the session is allowed access to the data. If the lock is still active, that session will ask to be notified as soon as the lock is released. Hence, you have a queuing mechanism: the session requesting the lock will be queued up waiting for that transaction to complete, and then it will get the data.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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