Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: Files This chapter covers in depth the eight types of files that make up an Oracle database and instance. From the simple parameter file to the data and redo log files, we explore what they are, why they are there, and how we use them. Chapter 4: Memory Structures This chapter covers how Oracle uses memory, both in the individual processes (Process Global Area, or PGA, memory) and shared memory (SGA). We explore the differences between manual and automatic PGA and, in Oracle 10g, SGA memory management, and see when each is appropriate. After reading this chapter, you will have an understanding of exactly how Oracle uses and manages memory. Chapter 5: Oracle Processes This chapter offers an overview of the types of Oracle processes (server processes versus background processes). It also goes into much more depth on the differences in connecting to the database via a shared server or dedicated server process. We’ll also take a look, process by process, at most of the background processes (such as LGWR, DBWR, PMON, and SMON) that we’ll see when starting an Oracle instance and discuss the functions of each. Chapter 6: Locking and Latching Different databases have different ways of doing things (what works well in SQL Server may not work as well in Oracle), and understanding how Oracle implements locking and concurrency control is absolutely vital to the success of your application. This chapter discusses Oracle’s basic approach to these issues, the types of locks that can be applied (DML, DDL, and latches) and the problems that can arise if locking is not implemented carefully (deadlocking, blocking, and escalation). Chapter 7: Concurrency and Multi-Versioning In this chapter, we’ll explore my favorite Oracle feature, multi-versioning, and how it affects concurrency controls and the very design of an application. Here we will see that all databases are not created equal and that their very implementation can have an impact on the design of our applications. We’ll start by reviewing the various transaction isolation levels as defined by the ANSI SQL standard and see how they map to the Oracle implementation (as well as how the other databases map to this standard). Then we’ll take a look at what implications multiversioning, the feature that allows Oracle to provide non-blocking reads in the database, might have for us. Chapter 8: Transactions Transactions are a fundamental feature of all databases—they are part of what distinguishes a database from a file system. And yet, they are often misunderstood and many developers do not even know that they are accidentally not using them. This chapter examines how transactions should be used in Oracle and also exposes some “bad habits” that may have been picked up when developing with other databases. In particular, we look at the implications of
xxii ■INTRODUCTION atomicity and how it affects statements in Oracle. We also discuss transaction control statements (COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, and ROLLBACK), integrity constraints, distributed transactions (the two-phase commit, or 2PC), and finally autonomous transactions. Chapter 9: Redo and Undo It can be said that developers do not need to understand the detail of redo and undo as much as DBAs, but developers do need to know the role they play in the database. After first defining redo, we examine what exactly a COMMIT does. We discuss how to find out how much redo is being generated and how to significantly reduce the amount of redo generated by certain operations using the NOLOGGING clause. We also investigate redo generation in relation to issues such as block cleanout and log contention. In the undo section of the chapter, we examine the role of undo data and the operations that generate the most/least undo. Finally, we investigate the infamous ORA-01555: snapshot too old error, its possible causes, and how to avoid it. Chapter 10: Database Tables Oracle now supports numerous table types. This chapter looks at each different type—heap organized (i.e., the default, “normal” table), index organized, index clustered, hash clustered, nested, temporary, and object—and discusses when, how, and why you should use them. Most of time, the heap organized table is sufficient, but this chapter will help you recognize when one of the other types might be more appropriate. Chapter 11: Indexes Indexes are a crucial aspect of your application design. Correct implementation requires an in-depth knowledge of the data, how it is distributed, and how it will be used. Too often, indexes are treated as an afterthought in application development, and performance suffers as a consequence. This chapter examines in detail the different types of indexes, including B*Tree, bitmap, function-based, and application domain indexes, and discusses where they should and should not be used. I’ll also answer some common queries in the “Frequently Asked Questions and Myths About Indexes” section, such as “Do indexes work on views?” and “Why isn’t my index getting used?” Chapter 12: Datatypes There are a lot of datatypes to choose from. This chapter explores each of the 22 built-in datatypes, explaining how they are implemented, and how and when to use each one. First up is a brief overview of National Language Support (NLS), a basic knowledge of which is necessary to fully understand the simple string types in Oracle. We then move on to the ubiquitous NUMBER type and look at the new Oracle 10g options for storage of numbers in the database. The LONG and LONG RAW types are covered, mostly from a historical perspective. The main objective here is to show how to deal with legacy LONG columns in applications and migrate them to the LOB type. Next, we delve into the various datatypes for storing dates and time, investigating how to manipulate the various datatypes to get what we need from them. The ins and outs of time zone support are also covered.
Page 2 and 3: Expert Oracle Database Architecture
Page 4 and 5: Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
Page 6 and 7: ■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
Page 8 and 9: ■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
Page 10 and 11: ■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
Page 12 and 13: Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
Page 14 and 15: ■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
Page 16 and 17: About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
Page 18 and 19: Introduction The inspiration for th
Page 20 and 21: ■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
Page 24 and 25: ■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
Page 26 and 27: Setting Up Your Environment In this
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50 CHAPTER 2 ■ ARCHITECTURE OVERV
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 67 Without a pa
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even dat
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 75 ops$tkyte@OR
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 77 • To maint
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 79 • Resource
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 83 Trace Files
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 87 6 ( 7 TYPE O
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 93 (data from m
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 95 dictionary t
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 97 ■Note df i
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidenta
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 103 Password Fi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 105 USER is "SY
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 107 Flashback L
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 109 of the requ
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 111 IMPDP, howe
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 113 tkyte@ORA10
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CHAPTER 4 ■ ■ ■ Memory Struct
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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 117
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Proces
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 257 •
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 259 So,
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 281 scot
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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304 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO 41
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 425 One of t
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 437 When Sho
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 439 an 8KB b
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 455 Bitmap j
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 457 INSERT a
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 471 Frequent
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 485 This dem
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CHAPTER 12 ■ ■ ■ Datatypes Ch
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 547 buffer
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 549 Note t
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 553 equall
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CHAPTER 12 ■ DATATYPES 555 ROWID/
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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CHAPTER 14 ■ ■ ■ Parallel Exe
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 15 ■ ■ ■ Data Loading
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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