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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 153 and automatically, by setting just a few memory parameters and a single SGA_TARGET parameter. By setting the SGA_TARGET parameter, you are allowing the instance to size and resize various SGA components. ■Note In Oracle9i and before, only manual SGA memory management was available—the parameter SGA_TARGET did not exist and the parameter SGA_MAX_SIZE was a limit, not a dynamic target. In Oracle 10g, memory-related parameters are classified into one of two areas: • Auto-tuned SGA parameters: Currently these are DB_CACHE_SIZE, SHARED_POOL_SIZE, LARGE_POOL_SIZE, and JAVA_POOL_SIZE. • Manual SGA parameters: These include LOG_BUFFER, STREAMS_POOL, DB_NK_CACHE_SIZE, DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE, and DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE. At any time in Oracle 10g, you may query V$SGAINFO to see which components of the SGA are resizable. ■Note To use automatic SGA memory management, the parameter STATISTICS_LEVEL must be set to TYPICAL or ALL. If statistics collection is not enabled, the database will not have the historical information needed to make the necessary sizing decisions. Under automatic SGA memory management, the primary parameter for sizing the autotuned components is SGA_TARGET, which may be dynamically sized while the database is up and running, up to the setting of the SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter (which defaults to be equal to the SGA_TARGET, so if you plan on increasing the SGA_TARGET, you must have set the SGA_MAX_ SIZE larger before starting the database instance). The database will use the SGA_TARGET value, minus the size of any of the other manually sized components such as the DB_KEEP_CACHE_ SIZE, DB_RECYCLE_CACHE_SIZE, and so on, and use that amount of memory to size the default buffer pool, Shared pool, Large pool, and Java pool. Dynamically at runtime, the instance will allocate and reallocate memory between those four memory areas as needed. Instead of returning an ORA-04031 “Unable to allocate N bytes of shared memory” error to a user when the Shared pool runs out of memory, the instance could instead choose to shrink the buffer cache by some number of megabytes (a granule size) and increase the Shared pool by that amount. Over time, as the memory needs of the instance are ascertained, the size of the various SGA components would become more or less fixed in size. The database also remembers the sizes of these four components across database startup and shutdown so that it doesn’t have to start all over again figuring out the right size for your instance each time. It does this via four double-underscore parameters: __DB_CACHE_SIZE, __JAVA_POOL_SIZE, __LARGE_POOL_SIZE, and __SHARED_POOL_SIZE. During a normal or immediate shutdown, the database will record these values to the stored parameter file and use them upon startup to set the default sizes of
154 CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES Additionally, if you know you want a certain minimum value to be used for one of the four areas, you may set that parameter in addition to setting the SGA_TARGET. The instance will use your setting as the lower bound, or the smallest size that particular area may be. Summary In this chapter, we took a look at the Oracle memory structure. We started at the process and session level, examining the PGA and UGA, and their relationship. We saw how the mode in which we connect to Oracle will dictate how memory is organized. A dedicated server connection implies more memory used in the server process than under a shared server connection, but that use of a shared server connection implies there will be the need for a significantly larger SGA. Then, we discussed the main structures of the SGA itself. We discovered the differences between the Shared pool and the Large pool, and looked at why we might want a Large pool to “save” our Shared pool. We covered the Java pool and how it is used under various conditions, and we looked at the block buffer cache and how that can be subdivided into smaller, more focused pools. Now we are ready to move on to the physical processes that make up the rest of an Oracle instance.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 14 ■ PARALLEL EXECUTION 6
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CHAPTER 15 ■ ■ ■ Data Loading
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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CHAPTER 15 ■ DATA LOADING AND UNL
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706 ■INDEX autonomous transaction
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708 ■INDEX CREATE ANY DIRECTORY f
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710 ■INDEX dedicated server, 57-5
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712 ■INDEX flat files, 66, 113-14
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714 ■INDEX job queue coordinator
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716 ■INDEX MAXTRANS parameter, 21
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718 ■INDEX parameter files (PFILE
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720 ■INDEX REUSE option, 97 REUSE
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722 ■INDEX System Global Area (SG
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724 ■INDEX utility background pro
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