Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 149 crutch in this area. The only real way to solve this issue, however, is to use reusable SQL in the first place. Even on the largest of large systems, I find that there are typically at most 10,000 to 20,000 unique SQL statements. Most systems execute only a few hundred unique queries. The following real-world example demonstrates just how bad things can get if you use the Shared pool poorly. I was asked to work on a system where the standard operating procedure was to shut down the database each and every night, to wipe out the SGA and restart it clean. The reason for doing this was that the system was having issues during the day whereby it was totally CPU-bound and, if the database were left to run for more than a day, performance would really start to decline. They were using a 1GB Shared pool inside of a 1.1GB SGA. This is true: 0.1GB dedicated to block buffer cache and other elements and 1GB dedicated to caching unique queries that would never be executed again. The reason for the cold start was that if they left the system running for more than a day, they would run out of free memory in the Shared pool. At that point, the overhead of aging structures out (especially from a structure so large) was such that it overwhelmed the system and performance was massively degraded (not that performance was that great anyway, since they were managing a 1GB Shared pool). Additionally, the people working on this system constantly wanted to add more and more CPUs to the machine, due to the fact that hard-parsing SQL is so CPU intensive. By correcting the application and allowing it to use bind variables, not only did the physical machine requirements drop (they then had many times more CPU power than they needed), but also the allocation of memory to the various pools was reversed. Instead of a 1GB Shared pool, they had less then 100MB allocated—and they never used it all over many weeks of continuous uptime. One last comment about the Shared pool and the parameter SHARED_POOL_SIZE. In Oracle9i and before, there is no direct relationship between the outcome of the query ops$tkyte@ORA9IR2> select sum(bytes) from v$sgastat where pool = 'shared pool'; SUM(BYTES) ---------- 100663296 and the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter ops$tkyte@ORA9IR2> show parameter shared_pool_size NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ shared_pool_size big integer 83886080 other than the fact that the SUM(BYTES) FROM V$SGASTAT will always be larger than the SHARED_ POOL_SIZE. The Shared pool holds many other structures that are outside the scope of the corresponding parameter. The SHARED_POOL_SIZE is typically the largest contributor to the Shared pool as reported by the SUM(BYTES), but it is not the only contributor. For example, the parameter CONTROL_FILES contributes 264 bytes per file to the “miscellaneous” section of the Shared pool. It is unfortunate that the “Shared pool” in V$SGASTAT and the parameter SHARED_POOL_SIZE are named as they are, since the parameter contributes to the size of the Shared pool, but it is not the only contributor.
150 CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES In Oracle 10g and above, however, you should see a one-to-one correspondence between the two, assuming you are using manual SGA memory management (i.e., you have set the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter yourself): ops$tkyte@ORA10G> select sum(bytes)/1024/1024 mbytes 2 from v$sgastat where pool = 'shared pool'; MBYTES ---------- 128 ops$tkyte@ORA10G> show parameter shared_pool_size; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ shared_pool_size big integer 128M This is a relatively important change as you go from Oracle9i and before to 10g. In Oracle 10g, the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter controls the size of the Shared pool, whereas in Oracle9i and before, it was just the largest contributor to the Shared pool. You would want to review your 9i and before actual Shared pool size (based on V$SGASTAT) and use that figure to set your SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter in Oracle 10g and above. The various other components that used to add to the size of the Shared pool now expect that memory to have been allocated for them by you. Large Pool The Large pool is not so named because it is a “large” structure (although it may very well be large in size). It is so named because it is used for allocations of large pieces of memory that are bigger than the Shared pool is designed to handle. Prior to the introduction of the Large pool in Oracle 8.0, all memory allocation took place in the Shared pool. This was unfortunate if you were using features that made use of “large” memory allocations such as shared server UGA memory allocations. This issue was further complicated by the fact that processing, which tended to need a lot of memory allocation, would use the memory in a different manner than the way in which the Shared pool managed it. The Shared pool manages memory on a LRU basis, which is perfect for caching and reusing data. Large memory allocations, however, tended to get a chunk of memory, use it, and then were done with it—there was no need to cache this memory. What Oracle needed was something similar to the Recycle and Keep buffer pools implemented for the block buffer cache. This is exactly what the Large pool and Shared pool are now. The Large pool is a Recycle-style memory space, whereas the Shared pool is more like the Keep buffer pool—if people appear to be using something frequently, then you keep it cached. Memory allocated in the Large pool is managed in a heap, much in the way C manages memory via malloc() and free(). As soon as you “free” a chunk of memory, it can be used by other processes. In the Shared pool, there really was no concept of freeing a chunk of memory. You would allocate memory, use it, and then stop using it. After a while, if that memory needed to be reused, Oracle would age out your chunk of memory. The problem with using just a Shared pool is that one size doesn’t always fit all.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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■SETTING UP YOUR ENVIRONMENT xlii
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 3 ■ ■ ■ Files In this
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operatio
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 89 A Brief Revi
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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 91 Redundant Ar
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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