Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES 133 Statistics ---------------------------------------------------------- 6 recursive calls 2 db block gets 721 consistent gets 728 physical reads 0 redo size 2644246 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client 37171 bytes received via SQL*Net from client 3335 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client 0 sorts (memory) 1 sorts (disk) 50000 rows processed ops$tkyte@ORA10GR1> set autotrace off So, because some PGA memory is outside of Oracle’s control, it is easy for us to exceed the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET simply by allocating lots of really large data structures in our PL/SQL code. I am not recommending you do that by any means—I’m just pointing out that the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET is a more of a request than a hard limit. Choosing Between Manual and Auto Memory Management So, which method should you use: manual or automatic? My preference is to use the automatic PGA memory management by default. ■Caution I’ll repeat this from time to time in the book: please do not make any changes to a production system—a live system—without first testing for any side effects. For example, please do not read this chapter, check your system, and find you are using manual memory management, and then just turn on automatic memory management. Query plans may change, and performance may be impacted. One of three things could happen: • Things run exactly the same. • Things run better than they did before. • Things run much worse then they did before. Exercise caution before making changes, test the proposed change first. One of the most perplexing things for a DBA can be setting the individual parameters, especially parameters such as SORT|HASH_AREA_SIZE and so on. Many times, I see systems running with incredibly small values for these parameters—values so small that system performance is massively impacted in a negative way. This is probably a result of the fact that the default values are very small themselves: 64KB for sorting and 128KB for hashing. There is a lot of confusion over how big or small these values should be. Not only that, but the values you would like to use for them might vary over time, as the day goes by. At 8:00 am, with two users,
134 CHAPTER 4 ■ MEMORY STRUCTURES a 50MB sort area size might be reasonable for the single user logged in. However, at 12:00 pm with 500 users, 50MB might not be appropriate. This is where the WORKAREA_SIZE_ POLICY = AUTO setting and the corresponding PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET come in handy. Setting the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET, the amount of memory you would like Oracle to feel free to use to sort and hash, is conceptually easier than trying to figure out the perfect SORT|HASH_AREA_SIZE, especially since there isn’t a perfect value for these parameters; the perfect value varies by workload. Historically, the DBA configured the amount of memory used by Oracle by setting the size of the SGA (the buffer cache; the log buffer; and the Shared, Large, and Java pools). The remaining memory on the machine would then be used by the dedicated or shared servers in the PGA region. The DBA had little control over how much of this memory would or would not be used. She could set the SORT_AREA_SIZE, but if there were 10 concurrent sorts, then Oracle could use as much as 10 * SORT_AREA_SIZE bytes of RAM. If there were 100 concurrent sorts, then Oracle would use 100 * SORT_AREA_SIZE bytes; for 1,000 concurrent sorts, 1,000 * SORT_AREA_SIZE; and so on. Couple that with the fact that other things go into the PGA, and you really don’t have good control over the maximal use of PGA memory on the system. What you would like to have happen is for this memory to be used differently as the memory demands on the system grow and shrink. The more users, the less RAM each should use. The fewer users, the more RAM each should use. Setting WORKAREA_SIZE_POLICY = AUTO is just such a way to achieve this. The DBA specifies a single size now, the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET or the maximum amount of PGA memory that the database should strive to use. Oracle will distribute this memory over the active sessions as it sees fit. Further, with Oracle9i Release 2 and up, there is even PGA advisory (part of Statspack, available via a V$ dynamic performance view and visible in Enterprise Manager), much like the buffer cache advisor. It will tell you over time what the optimal PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET for your system is to minimize physical I/O to your temporary tablespaces. You can use this information to either dynamically change the PGA size online (if you have sufficient RAM) or decide whether you might need more RAM on your server to achieve optimal performance. Are there times, however, when you won’t want to use it? Absolutely, and fortunately they seem to be the exception and not the rule. The automatic memory management was designed to be multiuser “fair.” In anticipation of additional users joining the system, the automatic memory management will limit the amount of memory allocated as a percentage of the PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET. But what happens when you don’t want to be fair, when you know that you should get all of the memory available? Well, that would be the time to use the ALTER SESSION command to disable automatic memory management in your session (leaving it in place for all others) and to manually set your SORT|HASH_AREA_SIZE as needed. For example, that large batch process that takes place at 2:00 am and does tremendously large hash joins, some index builds, and the like? It should be permitted to use all of the resources on the machine. It does not want to be “fair” about memory use—it wants it all, as it knows it is the only thing happening in the database right now. That batch job can certainly issue the ALTER SESSION commands and make use of all resources available. So, in short, I prefer to use automatic PGA memory management for end user sessions— for the applications that run day to day against my database. Manual memory management makes sense for large batch jobs that run during time periods when they are the only activities in the database.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 6 ■ LOCKING AND LATCHING
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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