Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 101 So, at the point in time when this message appeared, processing was suspended in the database while DBWn hurriedly finished its checkpoint. Oracle gave all the processing power it could to DBWn at that point in the hope it would finish faster. This is a message you never want to see in a nicely tuned database instance. If you do see it, you know for a fact that you have introduced artificial, unnecessary waits for your end users. This can always be avoided. The goal (and this is for the DBA, not the developer necessarily) is to have enough online redo log files allocated so that you never attempt to reuse a log file before the checkpoint initiated by it completes. If you see this message frequently, it means a DBA has not allocated sufficient online redo logs for the application, or that DBWn needs to be tuned to work more efficiently. Different applications will generate different amounts of redo log. A Decision Support System (DSS, query only) or DW system will naturally generate significantly less online redo log than an OLTP (transaction processing) system would, day to day. A system that does a lot of image manipulation in Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) in the database may generate radically more redo than a simple order-entry system. An order-entry system with 100 users will probably generate a tenth the amount of redo 1,000 users would generate. There is no “right” size for your redo logs, although you do want to ensure they are large enough for your unique workload. You must take many things into consideration when setting both the size of and the number of online redo logs. Many of them are beyond the scope of this particular book, but I’ll list some of them to give you an idea: • Peak workloads: You would like your system to not have to wait for checkpoint notcomplete messages, to not get bottlenecked during your peak processing. You will be sizing your redo logs not for “average” hourly throughput, but rather for your peak processing. If you generate 24GB of log per day, but 10GB of that log is generated between 9:00 am and 11:00 am, you’ll want to size your redo logs large enough to carry you through that two-hour peak. Sizing them for an average of 1GB per hour would probably not be sufficient. • Lots of users modifying the same blocks: Here you might want large redo log files. Since everyone is modifying the same blocks, you would like to update them as many times as possible before writing them out to disk. Each log switch will fire a checkpoint, so you would like to switch logs infrequently. This may, however, affect your recovery time. • Mean time to recover: If you must ensure that a recovery takes as little time as possible, you may be swayed toward smaller redo log files, even if the previous point is true. It will take less time to process one or two small redo log files than a gargantuan one upon recovery. The overall system will run slower than it absolutely could day to day perhaps (due to excessive checkpointing), but the amount of time spent in recovery will be shorter. There are other database parameters that may also be used to reduce this recovery time, as an alternative to the use of small redo log files. Archived Redo Log The Oracle database can run in one of two modes: ARCHIVELOG mode and NOARCHIVELOG mode. The difference between these two modes is simply what happens to a redo log file
102 CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES when Oracle goes to reuse it. “Will we keep a copy of that redo or should Oracle just overwrite it, losing it forever?” is an important question to answer. Unless you keep this file, you cannot recover data from a backup to the current point in time. Say you take a backup once a week on Saturday. Now, on Friday afternoon, after you have generated hundreds of redo logs over the week, your hard disk fails. If you have not been running in ARCHIVELOG mode, the only choices you have right now are as follows: • Drop the tablespace(s) associated with the failed disk. Any tablespace that had a file on that disk must be dropped, including the contents of that tablespace. If the SYSTEM tablespace (Oracle’s data dictionary) is affected, you cannot do this. • Restore last Saturday’s data and lose all of the work you did that week. Neither option is very appealing. Both imply that you lose data. If you had been executing in ARCHIVELOG mode, on the other hand, you simply would have found another disk. You would have restored the affected files from Saturday’s backup onto it. Lastly, you would have applied the archived redo logs and, ultimately, the online redo logs to them (in effect replaying the week’s worth of transactions in fast-forward mode). You lose nothing. The data is restored to the point in time of the failure. People frequently tell me they don’t need ARCHIVELOG mode for their production systems. I have yet to meet anyone who was correct in that statement. I believe that a system is not a production system unless it is in ARCHIVELOG mode. A database that is not in ARCHIVELOG mode will, some day, lose data. It is inevitable; you will lose data if your database is not in ARCHIVELOG mode. “We are using RAID-5, so we are totally protected” is a common excuse. I’ve seen cases where, due to a manufacturing error, all disks in a RAID set froze, all at about the same time. I’ve seen cases where the hardware controller introduced corruption into the data files, so they safely protected corrupt data with their RAID devices. RAID also does not do anything to protect you from operator error, one of the most common causes of data loss. “If we had the backups from before the hardware or operator error and the archives were not affected, we could have recovered.” The bottom line is that there is no excuse for not being in ARCHIVELOG mode on a system where the data is of any value. Performance is no excuse; properly configured archiving adds little to no overhead. This and the fact that a “fast system” that “loses data” is useless would make it so that even if archiving added 100 percent overhead, you would need to do it. A feature is overhead if you can remove it and lose nothing important; overhead is like icing on the cake. Preserving your data, and making sure you don’t lose you data isn’t overhead—it’s the DBA’s primary job! Only a test or development system should execute in NOARCHIVELOG mode. Don’t let anyone talk you out of being in ARCHIVELOG mode. You spent a long time developing your application, so you want people to trust it. Losing their data will not instill confidence in your system. ■Note There are some cases in which a large DW could justify being in NOARCHIVELOG mode if it made judicious use of READ ONLY tablespaces and was willing to fully rebuild any READ WRITE tablespace that suffered a failure by reloading the data.
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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290 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO We
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292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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318 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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