Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 99 “accidentally” drop a table or remove some critical information and commit that operation, you can restore a backup and have Oracle restore it to the point immediately prior to the accident using these online and archive redo log files. Virtually every operation you perform in Oracle generates some amount of redo to be written to the online redo log files. When you insert a row into a table, the end result of that insert is written to the redo logs. When you delete a row, the fact that you deleted that row is written. When you drop a table, the effects of that drop are written to the redo log. The data from the table you dropped is not written; however, the recursive SQL that Oracle performs to drop the table does generate redo. For example, Oracle will delete a row from the SYS.OBJ$ table (and other internal dictionary objects), and this will generate redo, and if various modes of supplemental logging are enabled, the actual DROP TABLE statement will be written into the redo log stream. Some operations may be performed in a mode that generates as little redo as possible. For example, I can create an index with the NOLOGGING attribute. This means that the initial creation of the index data will not be logged, but any recursive SQL Oracle performed on my behalf will be. For example, the insert of a row into SYS.OBJ$ representing the existence of the index will be logged, as will all subsequent modifications of the index using SQL inserts, updates, and deletes. But the initial writing of the index structure to disk will not be logged. I’ve referred to two types of redo log file: online and archived. We’ll take a look at each in the sections that follow. In Chapter 9, we’ll take another look at redo in conjunction with rollback segments, to see what impact they have on you as the developer. For now, we’ll just concentrate on what they are and what their purpose is. Online Redo Log Every Oracle database has at least two online redo log file groups. Each redo log group consists of one or more redo log members (redo is managed in groups of members). The individual redo log file members of these groups are true mirror images of each other. These online redo log files are fixed in size and are used in a circular fashion. Oracle will write to log file group 1, and when it gets to the end of this set of files, it will switch to log file group 2 and rewrite the contents of those files from start to end. When it has filled log file group 2, it will switch back to log file group 1 (assuming we have only two redo log file groups; if we have three, it would, of course, proceed to the third group). This is shown in Figure 3-4. Figure 3-4. Log file groups
100 CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES The act of switching from one log file group to the other is called a log switch. It is important to note that a log switch may cause a temporary “pause” in a poorly configured database. Since the redo logs are used to recover transactions in the event of a failure, we must assure ourselves that we won’t need the contents of a redo log file in the event of a failure before we reuse it. If Oracle isn’t sure that it won’t need the contents of a log file, it will suspend operations in the database momentarily and make sure that the data in the cache that this redo “protects” is safely written (checkpointed) onto disk itself. Once Oracle is sure of that, processing will resume and the redo file will be reused. We’ve just started to talk about a key database concept: checkpointing. To understand how online redo logs are used, you’ll need to know something about checkpointing, how the database buffer cache works, and what a process called data block writer (DBWn) does. The database buffer cache and DBWn are covered in more detail a little later on, but we’ll skip ahead a little anyway and touch on them now. The database buffer cache is where database blocks are stored temporarily. This is a structure in the SGA of Oracle. As blocks are read, they are stored in this cache, hopefully to allow us to not have to physically reread them later. The buffer cache is first and foremost a performance-tuning device. It exists solely to make the very slow process of physical I/O appear to be much faster than it is. When we modify a block by updating a row on it, these modifications are done in memory, to the blocks in the buffer cache. Enough information to redo this modification is stored in the redo log buffer, another SGA data structure. When we COMMIT our modifications, making them permanent, Oracle does not go to all of the blocks we modified in the SGA and write them to disk. Rather, it just writes the contents of the redo log buffer out to the online redo logs. As long as that modified block is in the buffer cache and is not on disk, we need the contents of that online redo log in the event the database fails. If at the instant after we committed, the power was turned off, the database buffer cache would be wiped out. If this happens, the only record of our change is in that redo log file. Upon restart of the database, Oracle will actually replay our transaction, modifying the block again in the same way we did and committing it for us. So, as long as that modified block is cached and not written to disk, we cannot reuse that redo log file. This is where DBWn comes into play. This Oracle background process is responsible for making space in the buffer cache when it fills up and, more important, for performing checkpoints. A checkpoint is the writing of dirty (modified) blocks from the buffer cache to disk. Oracle does this in the background for us. Many things can cause a checkpoint to occur, the most common event being a redo log switch. As we filled up log file 1 and switched to log file 2, Oracle initiated a checkpoint. At this point in time, DBWn started writing to disk all of the dirty blocks that are protected by log file group 1. Until DBWn flushes all of these blocks protected by that log file, Oracle cannot reuse it. If we attempt to use it before DBWn has finished its checkpoint, we will get a message like this in our database’s ALERT log: ... Thread 1 cannot allocate new log, sequence 66 Checkpoint not complete Current log# 2 seq# 65 mem# 0: C:\ORACLE\ORADATA\ORA10G\REDO02.LOG ...
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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CHAPTER 1 ■ ■ ■ Developing Su
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CHAPTER 1 ■ DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL
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CHAPTER 5 ■ ORACLE PROCESSES 157
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CHAPTER 8 ■ ■ ■ Transactions
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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286 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Fir
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288 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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290 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO We
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292 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Wha
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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296 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO If
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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300 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Inv
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302 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO The
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314 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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318 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO •
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328 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Thi
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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334 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Tha
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 559 6 (
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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