Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 71 all operations. But the reality is that sometimes it was much more convenient to issue the administrative startup command from within SQL*Plus on the database server machine itself during the course of some administrative task, so we ended up with multiple parameter files again: one on the management server and one on the database server. These parameter files would then proceed to get out of sync with each other, and people would wonder why the parameter change they made last month “disappeared,” but seemingly randomly made a reappearance. Enter the server parameter file (SPFILE), which can now be a single source of truth for the database. Server Parameter Files (SPFILEs) SPFILEs represent a fundamental change in the way Oracle accesses and now maintains parameter settings for the instance. An SPFILE removes the two serious issues associated with legacy parameter files: • It removes the proliferation of parameter files. An SPFILE is always stored on the database server; the SPFILE must exist on the server machine itself and cannot be located on the client machine. This makes it practical to have a single source of “truth” with regard to parameter settings. • It removes the need (in fact, it removes the ability) to manually maintain parameter files using text editors outside of the database. The ALTER SYSTEM command allows you to write values directly into the SPFILE. Administrators no longer have to find and maintain all of the parameter files by hand. The naming convention for this file by default is spfile$ORACLE_SID.ora spfile%ORACLE_SID%.ora (Unix environment variable) (Windows environment variable) I strongly recommend using the default location; doing otherwise defeats the simplicity SPFILEs represent. When an SPFILE is in its default location, everything is more or less done for you. Moving the SPFILE to a nondefault location involves you having to tell Oracle where to find the SPFILE, leading to the original problems of legacy parameter files all over again! Converting to SPFILEs Suppose we have a database that is using a legacy parameter file described previously. The move to an SPFILE is quite simple; we use the CREATE SPFILE command. ■Note You can also use a “reverse” command to create a parameter file (PFILE) from an SPFILE. (I’ll explain shortly why you might want to do that.)
72 CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES So, assuming we are using an init.ora parameter file, and that init.ora parameter file is in fact in the default location on the server, we simply issue the CREATE SPFILE command and restart our server instance: sys@ORA10G> show parameter spfile; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ spfile string sys@ORA10G> create spfile from pfile; File created. sys@ORA10G> startup force; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 603979776 bytes Fixed Size 780300 bytes Variable Size 166729716 bytes Database Buffers 436207616 bytes Redo Buffers 262144 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. sys@ORA10G> show parameter spfile; NAME TYPE VALUE ------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------ spfile string /home/ora10g/dbs/spfileora10g.ora The SHOW PARAMETER command was used here to show that initially we were not using an SPFILE, but after we created one and restarted the instance, we were in fact using one and it had the default name. ■Note In a clustered environment, using Oracle RAC, all instances share the same SPFILE, so this process of converting over to an SPFILE from a PFILE should be done in a controlled fashion. The single SPFILE can contain all of the parameter settings, even instance-specific settings in the single SPFILE, but you will have to merge all of the necessary parameter files into a single PFILE using the format that follows. In a clustered environment, in order to convert from using individual PFILEs to a common SPFILE shared by all, you would merge your individual PFILEs into a single file resembling this:
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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