Apress.Expert.Oracle.Database.Architecture.9i.and.10g.Programming.Techniques.and.Solutions.Sep.2005

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CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES 69 and even data values (see the upcoming section titled “Trace Files”), and ask yourself, “Do I really want any end user to have read access to that data?” The answer is most likely no. ■Caution Use undocumented parameters only at the request of Oracle Support. Their use can be damaging to a database, and their implementation can—and will—change from release to release. You may set the various parameter values in one of two ways: either for the current instance or persistently. It is up to you make sure that the parameter files contain the values you want them to. When using legacy init.ora parameter files, this is a manual process. To change a parameter value persistently when using an init.ora file, to have that new setting be in place across server restarts, you must manually edit and modify the init.ora parameter file. With server parameter files, you’ll see that this has been more or less fully automated for you in a single command. Legacy init.ora Parameter Files The legacy Oracle init.ora file is a very simple file in terms of its construction. It is a series of variable key/value pairs. A sample init.ora file might look like this: db_name = "ora9ir2" db_block_size = 8192 control_files = ("C:\oradata\control01.ctl", "C:\oradata\control02.ctl") In fact, this is pretty close to the most basic init.ora file that you could get away with in real life. If I had a block size that was the default on my platform (the default block size varies by platform), I could remove that. The parameter file is used at the very least to get the name of the database and the location of the control files. The control files tell Oracle the location of every other file, so they are very important to the “bootstrap” process of starting the instance. Now that you know what these legacy database parameter files are and where to get more details about the valid parameters that you can set, the last thing you need to know is where to find them on disk. The naming convention for this file by default is init$ORACLE_SID.ora init%ORACLE_SID%.ora (Unix environment variable) (Windows environment variable) and by default it will be found in $ORACLE_HOME/dbs (Unix) %ORACLE_HOME%\DATABASE (Windows) It is interesting to note that, in many cases, you will find the entire contents of this parameter file to be something like IFILE='C:\oracle\admin\ora10g\pfile\init.ora' The IFILE directive works in a similar fashion to an #include in C. It includes in the current file the contents of the named file. The preceding directive includes an init.ora file from a nondefault location.
70 CHAPTER 3 ■ FILES It should be noted that the parameter file does not have to be in any particular location. When starting an instance, you may use the pfile=filename option to the startup command. This is most useful when you would like to try out different init.ora parameters on your database to see the effects of having different settings. Legacy parameter files can be maintained by using any plain text editor. For example, on UNIX/Linux, I would use vi; on the many Windows operating system versions, I would use Notepad; and on a mainframe, I would perhaps use Xedit. It is important to note that you are fully responsible for editing and maintaining this file. There are no commands within the Oracle database itself that you can use to maintain the values contained in the init.ora file. For example, when you use the init.ora parameter file, the issue of an ALTER SYSTEM command to change the size of an SGA component would not be reflected as a permanent change in the init.ora file. If you would like that change to be made permanent—in other words, if you would like it to be the default for subsequent restarts of the database—it is up to you to make sure all init.ora parameter files that might be used to start this database are manually updated. The last interesting point of note is that the legacy parameter file is not necessarily located on the database server. One of the reasons the stored parameter that we’ll discuss shortly was introduced was to remedy this situation. The legacy parameter file must be present on the client machine attempting to start the database, meaning that if you run a UNIX server, but administer it using SQL*Plus installed on your Windows desktop machine over the network, then you would need the parameter file for the database on your desktop. I still remember how I made the painful discovery that the parameter files are not stored on the server. This goes back many years to when a brand-new tool called SQL*DBA was introduced. This tool allowed us to perform remote operations (specifically, remote administrative operations). From my server (running SunOS at the time), I was able to connect remotely to a mainframe database server. I was also able to issue the “shutdown” command. However, it was at that point I realized that I was in a bit of a jam—when I tried to start up the instance, SQL*DBA would complain about not being able to find the parameter file. I learned that these parameter files—the init.ora plain text files—were located on the machine with the client, not on the server. SQL*DBA was looking for a parameter file on my local system with which to start the mainframe database. Not only did I have no such file, but I also had no idea what to put into one to get the system started up again! I didn’t know the db_name or control file locations (even just getting the correct naming convention for the mainframe files would have been a bit of stretch), and I didn’t have access to log into the mainframe system itself. I’ve not made that same mistake since; it was a painful lesson to learn. When DBAs realized that the init.ora parameter file had to reside on the client’s machine that starts the database, it led to a proliferation of these files. Every DBA wanted to run the administrative tools from his desktop, and so every DBA needed a copy of the parameter file on his desktop machine. Tools such as Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) would add yet another parameter file to the mix. These tools would attempt to centralize the administration of all databases in an enterprise on a single machine, sometimes referred to as a “management server.” This single machine would run software that would be used by all DBAs to start up, shut down, back up, and otherwise administer a database. That sounds like a perfect solution: centralize all parameters files in one location and use the GUI tools to perform
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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■CONTENTS v Block Buffer Cache .
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■CONTENTS vii ■CHAPTER 9 Redo a
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■CONTENTS ix ■CHAPTER 12 Dataty
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Foreword “THINK.” In 1914, Thom
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■FOREWORD xiii Tom is an aficiona
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About the Technical Reviewers ■JO
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Introduction The inspiration for th
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■INTRODUCTION xix • Exposure to
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■INTRODUCTION xxi Chapter 3: File
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■INTRODUCTION xxiii Next up are t
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Setting Up Your Environment In this
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CHAPTER 8 ■ TRANSACTIONS 259 So,
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284 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO cri
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294 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO row
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298 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO ops
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332 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO Whe
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336 CHAPTER 9 ■ REDO AND UNDO tou
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338 CHAPTER 10 ■ DATABASE TABLES
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CHAPTER 11 ■ ■ ■ Indexes Inde
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 423 value of
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 427 We then
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 431 The data
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 435 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 441 select *
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 445 Indicate
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 447 an index
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 449 Table 11
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 453 column w
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CHAPTER 11 ■ INDEXES 455 Bitmap j
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CHAPTER 13 ■ ■ ■ Partitioning
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 559 6 (
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 561 els
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 563 BIG
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CHAPTER 13 ■ PARTITIONING 565 Enh
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