New Insights into the Cleaning of Paintings

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224 • smithsonian contributions to museum conservation of the residual PVAc material in the deep pores of the paint surface and in groove- like depressions of the rib weave were observed, as was the case for the other solvent treatments tested. Further information about this intervention is given elsewhere (Hausmann, 2005). REFERENCES Hausmann, I. 2005. Removal of an Aged Polyvinylacetat- Varnish on the Painting Ensemble of the Town Council Hall in Buxtehude. Diploma thesis, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany. Nicolaus, K. 1998. Handbuch der Gemälderestaurierung. [Manual for Paintings Restoration.] Cologne, Germany: Könemann Verlag. Acknowledgments The authors thank Winfried Heiber (deceased 2009) for his brilliant ideas and developments in the field of conservation.
Extended Abstract—Surface Cleaning with Aqueous Foams Anne Heckenbücker and Petra Demuth INTRODUCTION Several different materials and methods are used for cleaning and removing dirt from paintings in the field of conservation. So far, limited scientific investigations have been conducted on foam cleaning technology (Timár- Balázsy and Eastop, 1998; Gneisinger and Watkinson, 2000) because of little interest. This study presents the first fundamental investigations on the use of aqueous, surfactant- containing foams as a method for cleaning painting surfaces (Heckenbücker, 2009). The primary aim of the study was to determine the extent to which foams are able to reduce the penetration of cleaning solutions into substrates. Another aspect was to reduce mechanical stress to the surface during the cleaning process. A further objective was to diminish the amount of surfactants required to avoid unwanted residues. Water- based foams were compared to common cleaning methods such as cotton swabs and solvent gels. First of all, a search for appropriate formulations that would result in durable foams was carried out since they do not exist on the market. THE NATURE OF FOAM Anne Heckenbücker, Weselerstrasse 1, 50733 Cologne, Germany. Petra Demuth, Cologne Institute of Conservation Sciences, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Ubierring 40, 50678 Cologne, Germany. Correspondence: Anne Heckenbücker, anne.heckenbuecker@gmx.de; Petra Demuth, petra.demuth@fh- koeln.de. Manuscript received 19 November 2010; accepted 24 August 2012. Foam is a two- phase system consisting of a liquid and a gas phase that generally tends to separate into its two phases. Therefore, it is a thermodynamically unstable system. Under the influence of gravitational forces the liquid drains out of foam (Weaire and Hutzler, 1999). It was necessary to find foams that have, on the one hand, a high long- term stability and, on the other hand, a slow, predictable release of the liquid phase. Without these properties, foams are useless for conservators. The formation of more stable foam structures is ensured by foaming agents. These are surface- active materials that reduce the surface tension of the liquid. The surfactants are found among the most important and successful foaming agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using characteristic properties such as foaming power, drainage, and the stability of the foam structure, three anionic and two nonionic surfactants, as well as additional
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Smithsonian Institution Scholarly P
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smithsonian contributions to museum
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Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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number 3 • v Extended Abstract—
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viii • smithsonian contributions
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The Removal of Patina Stephen Gritt
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number 3 • 3 and conceals its bea
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number 3 • 5 REFERENCES Algarotti
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Surface Cleaning of Paintings and P
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number 3 • 19 methods for cleanin
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number 3 • 21 not the varnish its
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Extended Abstract—A Preliminary I
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number 3 • 25 FIGURE 3. Detail of
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Extended Abstract—A New Documenta
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number 3 • 33 FIGURE 2. Recording
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Oil Paints: The Chemistry of Drying
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number 3 • 53 FIGURE 3. Weight ch
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number 3 • 55 FIGURE 7. Formation
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number 3 • 57 FIGURE 11. Differen
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The Influence of Pigments and Ion M
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number 3 • 61 FIGURE 3. Mechanica
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number 3 • 63 FIGURE 7. Mechanica
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number 3 • 65 observation that co
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number 3 • 67 • Not all pigment
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Characterization and Stability Issu
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number 3 • 91 FIGURE 2. Film form
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number 3 • 93 (Saunders, 1973). T
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number 3 • 95 allows identificati
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Sensitivity of Oil Paint Surfaces t
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number 3 • 109 Analytical Methods
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number 3 • 111 The method for ass
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number 3 • 113 FIGURE 6. Secondar
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Extended Abstract—The Effect of C
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number 3 • 117 Table 1. Surface m
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Multitechnique Approach to Evaluate
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number 3 • 127 RESULTS AND DISCUS
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number 3 • 129 FIGURE 4. The SEM
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number 3 • 131 FIGURE 7. (top) St
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number 3 • 133 FIGURE 10. Stress-
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Extended Abstract—A Preliminary S
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number 3 • 137 Acknowledgments An
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Cleaning of Acrylic Emulsion Paints
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number 3 • 149 advocates of publi
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number 3 • 151 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5
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number 3 • 153 ethoxylate units i
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number 3 • 155 FIGURE 5. Golden A
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number 3 • 157 alien und Methoden
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Extended Abstract—The Removal of
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number 3 • 171 RESULTS AND DISCUS
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Page 197 and 198: Effects of Commercial Soaps on Unva
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Page 205 and 206: FIGURE 5. Scanning electron microsc
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Page 209 and 210: Extended Abstract—Tissue Gel Comp
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Page 235: number 3 • 223 FIGURE 3. Removal
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Page 249 and 250: Extended Abstract—Laser Cleaning
Page 251 and 252: Ending Note: Summary of Panel Discu
Page 253 and 254: Index TABLES in BOLD; Figures in It
Page 255 and 256: number 3 • 243 polyvinyl acetate
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New Insights into the Cleaning of Paintings

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