MASTER’S THESIS
Vorlage Seminararbeit - schuster-solutions.de
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Master thesis: sport spectator preferences<br />
Table 1: Motivation theories of sport spectators<br />
(mod. Gabler, 2002, p. 217)<br />
Most of the literature on motivation has focused on doing sport and the result of<br />
doing sport. Sloan (1979) discussed several classes of theories of sport spectator<br />
motivation. These include (1) stress and stimulation seeking, (2) catharsis hypothesis,<br />
(3) aggression motive, (4) entertainment motive, (5) achievement-seeking<br />
motive, (7) diversion motive and (8) recreation motive.<br />
The recreation motives or salubrious effects are firstly discussed by Sloan (1979)<br />
suggested that an involvement with sports was attractive because it provides<br />
pleasure and enhanced one`s physical and mental well-beeing. Following this<br />
theory, sport events have functions for regeneration and relaxation (Gabler, 2002,<br />
p. 218). The diversion motive, stress and stimulation seeking and catharsis and<br />
aggression motive respectively, argue that sports allows an individual to experience<br />
eustress or pleasant stress, in a socially acceptable manner, and that<br />
sports spectatorship should reduce aggressive tensions in viewers. The entertainment<br />
theory claimed that sports fans receive increased happiness and enjoyment<br />
from their involvement. The achievement seeking motive or also known<br />
as basket in reflected glory (BIRG) (Zillermann, Bryant & Sapolsky, 1979, p. 312)<br />
can be seen as a goal to seek for self identity and social acceptance (Gabler,<br />
2002, p. 218). The hero-identification motive is similar to the BIRG motive and<br />
indicates a high involvement of the spectator with the team or athlete to achieve<br />
an increase in self-esteem (Spinrad, 1981, p. 357).<br />
Gabler, Schulz and Weber (1982) supplement the sensation-seeking motive and<br />
the affiliation motive. The sensation seeking motive is the need for action, tension<br />
and adventure. The affiliation motive describes the need for contact and social<br />
interaction to peer groups (Gabler, 2002, pp. 217, 219).<br />
Theoretical foundation of sport spectators and event experience page 19