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2.7 Children’s safety in the new media environment Veronika Kalmus The media environment and its changes are closely related to society and human development. The ability of society to broadly and quickly adopt to the newest media technologies depends on the economic development and wealth of the society, as well as on the characteristics of human capital – the general education level and openness to innovations. New media technologies, in turn, provide opportunities for the development of the economy and human capital, but present risks to the safety and wellbeing of people. When weighing the opportunities and risks of the Internet, the policy documents and public discourses of the European Union Member States, and also of other states, focus primarily on children and young people – on a target group that eagerly uses new media technologies, but who is more vulnerable to the possible risks than adults. This sub-chapter also focuses, to a great degree, on the risk behaviour of children and young people, and the use of the opportunities provided by the new media environment, as well as on the parents concerning the ensuring of risk awareness and Internet safety. The main information comes from a representative study EU Kids Online, in the course of which, 9- to 16-year-old Internet users and one of their parents were interviewed in the autumn of 2010 in 25 European states (N=25,142) (EU Kids Online 2010). This is the largest scale and most thorough survey dealing with Internet use and online safety of European children, the data for which is freely available through the UK Data Archive. The reports that have been compiled previously based on these same interviews (Kalmus et al. 2011; Livingstone et al. 2011) show that Estonia is, simultaneously, advanced and problematic – Estonian children rank highly in Europe for making use of online opportunities, as well as for experiencing the risks. In addition to the indicators specific to this field (percentage of daily Internet users, proportion of those who have experienced online risks, the risk awareness of parents), some general indicators of development (number of expected years of education for children starting school, the Freedom of the Press Index) are also used in this sub-chapter, which enable Estonia’s position in the ranking of 25 states to be interpreted and explained. 2.7.1 Intensity of online use by children and parents The main measures of the adaptation to the new media environment, and the development of the information society, include the ratio of Internet users in the population and various groups, and the percentage of daily users among the Internet users. Based on these indicators, during the last few years, Estonian children have ranked very high among their European peers. For example, among the 25 Figure 2.7.1 Proportion of daily users among the 9- to 16-year-old Internet users and their parents in Europe (%) Proportion of daily users among children, percentage 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Romania Bulgaria Poland Latvia Cyprus Italy Spain Hungary Portugal Greece Germany Austria Ireland Turkey Sweden Estonia Denmark Netherlands Norway Czech Finland Slovakia Great Britain Belgium France 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Proportion of daily users among parents, percentage Source: EU Kids Online 2010 Figure 2.7.2 Classification of European states, based on Internet use and online risk experiences of 9- to 16-year-olds Lower use: Lower risk Some risk Higher use: Some risk Higher risk Source: Livingstone et al. 2011: 41 92 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
states included in the EU Kids Online survey, Estonian children place third in daily online use, whereas, in 2010, 82% of Estonian children did not let a day go by without logging on at least once (Figure 2.7.1). Estonia, with the other new EU Member States, is in a group of countries in which the children are more active users of the Internet than their parents (upper triangle in Figure 2.7.1). Although the generational gap in Estonia is not large, it differs significantly from all of the Nordic countries, where parents are more active Internet users than their children. This creates better preconditions in those states for the parents to be aware of the online risks, and to be able to guide their children’s Internet use. However, it is still important to state that the generational gap in Estonia has decreased: if in 2005, 90% of 6- to 17-yearolds, and 83% of their parents, used the Internet (Special Eurobarometer 250); in 2008, the respective indicators were 93% and 92% (Flash Eurobarometer 248). 2.7.2 Children’s online risk behaviour In international comparisons, Estonian children stand out for extremely risky online use. Based on the data of the EU Kids Online survey (Kalmus et al. 2011), Estonia leads the European ranking in young online bullies and excessive Internet users. Our children are the keenest to meet face-toface with new acquaintances from cyberspace. In Estonia, there are more children whose personal information, which they have revealed online, has been misused. A quarter of our children have been bothered or upset by online experiences – in this regard, we lag only behind young Danes. The EU Kids Online report (Livingstone et al. 2011) classifies European states, based on the indicators of children’s online use and risk experiences, into four groups (Figure 2.7.2). Estonia, along with three Scandinavian countries and four new EU Member States, belongs to the category of higher use, higher risk. What development indicators at the macro level help to explain this grouping of states? The multi-dimensional regression analysis used in the EU Kids Online report (Lobe et al. 2011) shows that the development of the state’s IT infrastructure does not influence the intensity of children’s online use, but, to a significant degree, is related to online risks . The level of children’s risk experiences tends to be higher in the countries where the percentage of broadband connections is larger, and where the Internet has expanded faster. 1 This trend indicates that, in several European states (primarily Estonia, Norway, Sweden and Denmark), the development of the IT infrastructure and the intensity of children’s online use have outstripped the development of online safety. Of the indicators of development at the macro level, an important role is played by the press freedom index 2 (Figure 2.7.3). Estonia, along with the Nordic countries, Lithuania and the Czech Republic, belongs to the group of states, where the liberalism of the information environment is accompanied by a high level of online risk experiences. Figure 2.7.3 Proportion (%) of 9- to 16-year-olds in Europe who have experienced online risks by the Press Freedom Index, by country Proportion of those who have experienced online risks 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Estonia Lithuania Norway Sweden Czech Republic Denmark Finland Netherlands Austria Slovakia Belgium Germany France Poland Ireland Great Britain Hungary Spain Cyprus Italy Greece Portugal Romania Bulgaria Turkey 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Press Freedom Index Sources: EU Kids Online 2010; Reporters Without Borders 2009 Figure 2.7.3 shows that there are also states where a high indicator of freedom of information does not preclude safe Internet use by children. Great Britain deserves special attention – their press freedom index, development of the IT infrastructure and children’s intensity of Internet use considerably exceed the European average, but the rate of online risk experiences is lower than the average. An important role in this phenomenon is probably played by the fact that the relevant information has been distributed more extensively and longer and this has increased the awareness of online risks, and the skills to cope with them, among both children and parents. 2.7.3 Risk awareness of parents In the European context, Estonian parents stand out for their comparatively untroubled attitude toward the possibility of problems, including online risks, related to their children (Figure 2.7.4). Almost half (47%) of Estonian parents are not worried about any of the problems suggested by the aforementioned European survey; in Europe as a whole, only a quarter of the parents are unconcerned. In regard to such online threats as seeing inappropriate online content, and communicating with strangers, the percentage of risk-aware parents in Estonia is only about half of the European average. Parents’ participation and the active mediation of their children’s Internet use are extremely important, and reduce the probability that children will experience some online risk (Dürager & Livingstone 2012). Against the background 1 Measured in years that have passed since the moment when 50% of households had access to the Internet at home. The speed of Internet expansion, as well as the percentage of broadband connections, explain 6.2% of the variability in children’s online risk experiences at the state level (Lobe et al. 2011: 62–63). 2 The freedom of the press index explains 4.4% of the variability in children’s online risk experiences at the state level (Lobe et al. 2011: 60). Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 93
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
Page 47 and 48: allude to the fact that approximate
Page 49 and 50: promote healthy lifestyles among th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68: tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70: 2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76: would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78: political participation are general
Page 79 and 80: strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81 and 82: is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102: of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134: a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136: 3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
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3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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productivity, which is defined as t
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perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
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References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
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Development Report employs generali
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and pasture land, and this was capi
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Basing the total and net savings re
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4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
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The problems include the very limit
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• Expenditures for active labour
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who lose their jobs. These ensure i
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4.4 Productivity and the economic s
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labour costs at the company level r
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Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
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Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
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4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
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Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
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Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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in order to make the R&D potential
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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