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Figure 2.6.5 Development factors related to the rule of law in Estonia and some reference countries Finland Austria Estonia Czech Republic Hungary 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 Development factors 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 Restrictions on the power of the government Elimination of corruption Order and security Protection of fundamental rights Transparent governance Obedience to the law Civil rights Criminal rights Source: World Justice Project (WJP) Rule of Law Index 2012 The sense of security of Estonia’s population is higher than in the other Baltic states, but is lower than in the welfare states. In the 2011 World Gallup survey, the results of which were published in August 2012, the answer options were only “yes” or “no”, and therefore, the results differ from the data of the victims survey mentioned above. However, it still enables us to compare the sense of security in Estonia with the reference states (Figure 2.6.4). The institutional basis for the increasing of the sense of security is the existence of the strong rule of law. Based on a comparison of the world’s states, and on the development level of the rule of law, Estonia gets relatively good marks. Compared to the other post-Communist states, and the more successful transition states in Latin America, the development level of the rule is better, and closer to the Nordic model. However, based on specific indicators, we still have room for improvement (Figure 2.6.5). This pattern is characterised by transparent governance, protection of the citizenry’s fundamental rights, law enforcement authorities with good reputations, a low level of corruption related to the public authority, clarity related to the limits of executive power, independent oversight of the lawfulness of the execution of power, and the law obedience of officials and the population. There is no automatic connection between the institutional development of the rule of law and the population’s sense of security. In the case of the sense of security, an important role is played by factors related to the social and material environment, starting from family relations and the general behavioural culture, and ending with street lighting. 2.6.5 Summary In Estonia, the highpoint in intentional homicides occurred in the middle of the 1990s, and thereafter, the homicide rate has constantly decreased. However, the indicator still differs significantly from Western Europe and the Nordic countries. If the current developments continue, the number of violent crimes in Estonia should continue to decrease and attain the level that is characteristic of those states. Despite the efforts that have been made, the number of prisoners, which forms the basis for the assessments of Estonia’s crime control policy, has not declined sufficiently enough to bring Estonia into line with Western Europe and the Nordic countries. Based on prison rates, i.e. the organisation of their crime control policies, the Baltic states, including Estonia, are located between two large regions – between two socio-cultural spaces. In some sense, in this field of activity, clear and unambiguous choices have not been made between an Eastern and Western orientation – choices that have been made successfully in many other spheres of social life. The dynamics of the sense of security in Estonia can be partly explained by the improvement in the crime situation generally, and by an increased trust in the police and other law enforcement institutions. The increase in the sense of security, and the reduction in the fear of crime, reflect the growth of people’s social and economic wellbeing, which has taken place in Estonia during the last 20 years. The population’s assessments have changed in time, and have become increasingly similar to those of the old European Union states, but still differ. Based on the organising of its legislation, and the maintenance of public order, Estonia has approached the rule of law model prevalent in the Nordic countries, and has moved further away from the model which exists in the majority of the post-Communist countries. The relatively low level of our population’s sense of security indicates that there is a need to devote more time to dealing with violence and aggression in human relations, as well as with environmental security at work, in school and in public places. A separate problem is the proper assessment and prevention of the possible dangers and risks. 90 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L., Aromaa, K. (2001). Victims of Crime in Estonia. Research Report. Ministry of the Interior, Estonia, National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Finland, Research Communications 51. Tallinn–Helsinki. 2. Demographic Yearbook of the United Nations 1994 (1996). United Nations, New York. 3. Ditton, J., Farral, S. (eds.) (2000). The Fear of Crime. Dartmouth: Ashgate. 4. Geneva Declaration 2009. Global Burden of Armed Violence Report, Geneva Declaration Secretariat.- http://www.genevadeclaration.org/publications.html 5. ICPS World Prison Brief-Entire World – Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the national population. http://www. prisonstudies.org/info/worldbrief/wpb_stats.php?area=all&category=wb_poprate 6. Kuritegevus Eestis 2011 (2012). Kriminaalpoliitka uuringud 16. Tallinn: Ministry of Justice 7. Van Dijk, J.J.M., van Kesteren, J.N. & Smit, P. (2008). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective. Key findings from the 2004–2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague: Boom Legal Publishers. 8. Malby, S. (2009). “Homicide,” International Statistics on Crime and Justice (Ed.) Harrendorf, S., Heiskanen, M., Malby, S. HEUNI Report Series 64. Helsinki. 9. Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature. Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking. 10. Saar, J. (1996). “Penal policy: International trends and Estonia,” Juridica International: Law Review University of Tartu, 62–68. 11. Saar, J., Markina, A., Oole, K. & Resetnikova, A. (2005). “Rahvusvaheline kuriteoohvrite uuring Eestis 2004,” Kriminaalpoliitika uuringud 1. Institute of Law at the University of Tartu, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of the Interior. Tallinn. 12. Tavares, C. and Thomas, G.(2009). Eurostat Statistics in Focus, 36/2009 – http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/ KS-SF-09-036/EN/KS-SF-09-036-EN.PDF 13. UNDP Human Development Report 1999. - http://hdr.undp.org/ en/reports/ 14. UNODC (2011). 2011 Global Study on Homicide. Trends, Contexts, Data. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/ statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf 15. Walmsley, R. (1996). Prison Systems in Central and Eastern Europe. Progress, Problems, and the International Standards. HEUNI, Publications Series, no 29, Helsinki. 16. Walmsley, R. (2010). World Prison Population List (ninth edition). International Centre for Prison Studies. – http://www.idcr. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/WPPL-9-22.pdf 17. World Gallup 2012. – http://www.gallup.com/poll/156236/latinamericans-least-likely-worldwide-feel-safe.aspx 18. World Justice Project. Rule of Law Index 2012-2013. – worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/WJP_Index_Report-2012_pdf 19. World Prison Brief 2013 - ICPS World Prison Brief-Entire World- Prison Population Rates per 100, 000 of the national population. http://www.prisonstudies.org/info/worldbrief/wpb_stats. php?area=all&category=wb_poprate 20. Zwekic, U. (1998). Criminal Victimization in Countries in Transition. UNICRI Publication no. 61. Rome. Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 91
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
Page 47 and 48: allude to the fact that approximate
Page 49 and 50: promote healthy lifestyles among th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68: tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70: 2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76: would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78: political participation are general
Page 79 and 80: strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81 and 82: is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 95 and 96: states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102: of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134: a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136: 3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
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Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
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3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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productivity, which is defined as t
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perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
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References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
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Development Report employs generali
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and pasture land, and this was capi
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Basing the total and net savings re
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4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
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The problems include the very limit
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• Expenditures for active labour
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who lose their jobs. These ensure i
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4.4 Productivity and the economic s
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labour costs at the company level r
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Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
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Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
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4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
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Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
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Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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in order to make the R&D potential
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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