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Table 2.4.3 Freedom on the Net 2011 and 2012(10 countries with the most freedom, based on expert opinions) Table 2.4.5 Media use in various European countries, in 2012 (% of the respondents) 2012 2011 Score Rank Score Rank Estonia 10 1. 10 1. USA 12 2. 13 2. Germany 15 3. 16 3. Australia 18 4. 18. 4. Hungary 19 5. - - Italy 23. 6. 26 6. Philippines 23 6. - - Great Britain 25 8. 25 5. Argentina 26 9. - - South Africa 26 9. 26 7. Source: www.freedomhouse.org Table 2.4.4 Internet use in the EU countries, 2004–2012 (ranking based on 2012 data, for the percentage of people who use the Internet at least once a week) 2004 2005 2006 Sweden 75 76 80 75 83 86 88 91 91 1.–2. Netherlands ? 74 76 81 83 86 88 90 91 3. Luxembourg 59 63 65 72 77 83 86 86 90 4. Denmark 70 73 78 76 80 82 86 87 89 5. Finland 63 62 71 75 78 79 83 86 88 6. Great Britain 49 54 57 65 70 76 80 81 ? 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Media use in the European Union. Standard Eurobarometer 76, Autumn 2012. 87% of Internet users making bank transactions online 7.–9. Germany Belgium France 50 ? ? 54 53 ? 59 58 39 64 63 55 68 66 63 71 70 67 75 75 72 77 78 74 78 78 78 (the EU average is 54%). The use of social media in Estonia is at the same level as is the EU average (56% of Internet users, in 2012). 10. Austria 46 49 55 61 66 67 70 76 76 The results of the Eurobarometer survey provide a general overview of the daily information environment, and the use of various media in the EU countries. 11. Estonia 45 54 56 59 62 67 71 73 75 12.– Ireland 27 31 44 51 57 60 63 71 74 Table 2.4.5 shows the survey data for the European reference states for 2012. Figure 2.4.3 shows the ranking of EU 13 Slovakia 40 43 43 51 62 66 73 72 74 EL-27 14. 15. Latvia Hungary 36 27 21 43 36 34 45 46 42 51 51 49 56 57 56 61 61 57 65 62 61 68 66 66 70 70 69 countries based on the percentage of respondents with a high index of media use. We see that Estonia is among the countries with a high level of media use, 9 th rank based on the percentage 16.– Czech Republic 25 26 36 42 51 54 58 63 66 17. of people in the population with a high level of media Malta ? 34 36 43 46 55 60 66 66 use (and even 6 th rank, based on the index of people with Slovenia 33 40 47 49 52 58 65 64 65 18.– very high media use). Like the majority of countries with Lithuania 26 30 38 45 50 55 58 61 65 20. high media use, Estonia is characterised by the uniformly 21. 22. 23. Spain Poland Cyprus Portugal 31 22 28 25 35 29 26 28 39 34 29 31 44 39 35 35 49 44 35 38 54 52 45 42 58 55 50 47 62 58 54 51 65 59 58 56 high use of all mediums (Table 2.4.5). At the same time when, for example Latvia, lags significantly behind the EU average in regard to the monitoring of print media, but compared to the other member states, has the most 24. Italy 26 28 31 34 37 42 48 51 53 active users of social media. Based on the general level of media use, the EU is 25.– Greece 17 18 23 28 33 38 41 47 50 clearly divided into Northern and Southern Europe, and 26. Bulgaria 13 ? 22 28 33 40 42 46 50 in the Nordic countries, there are approximately twice 27. Romania Source: Eurostat 10 ? 18 22 26 31 34 37 43 as many people who use media often than in Portugal and Romania. Every day Watch TV At least once a week Every day Listen to the radio At least once a week Read the written press Every day At least once a week Every day Use the Internet At least once a week Use online social networks Sweden 84 95 69 88 76 93 82 92 35 54 Denmark 88 98 68 86 50 75 80 88 37 54 Netherlands 84 97 63 83 59 84 81 90 36 56 Ireland 91 98 80 95 43 87 51 72 19 45 Finland 79 93 55 82 73 93 63 77 31 46 Estonia 83 95 67 86 43 77 60 71 31 47 Latvia 81 95 57 80 20 69 60 73 38 55 Slovenia 81 95 65 87 38 77 53 66 26 40 Slovakia 85 98 64 86 27 73 42 62 25 43 Lithuania 82 97 53 76 30 76 50 60 25 41 Czech Republic 83 97 54 86 23 70 47 66 18 33 EU 27 86 97 51 76 36 71 48 64 20 35 Poland 83 97 52 84 15 63 43 59 17 35 Hungary 87 97 46 78 31 66 35 53 21 42 Every day At least once a week
Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of daily newspapers per 1,000 adults, in various countries in 2009 Figure 2.4.3 Media use in the European Union in 2012 (ranking of countries based on the index of people with a high level of media use, %) 0 100 200 300 400 500 Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Iceland Switzerland Norway Sweden Finland Japan South Korea Singapore Denmark Netherlands Germany Ireland Slovenia Lithuania Taiwan Israel USA Estonia France Czech Rep. New Zealand Latvia Spain Hungary India Poland China Portugal Slovakia Costa Rica Chile 1. 2.-3. 2.-3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.-12. 11.- 12. 13. 14. 15.-16. 15.-16. 17. EU 27 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.-23. 22.-23. 24.-25. 24.-25. 26. 27. Sweden Denmark Netherlands Ireland Finland Luxembourg Austria Germany Estonia Latvia Great Britain Slovenia Slovakia Belgium Lithuania Czech Rep. France EU-27 Poland Hungary Malta Spain Italy Cyprus Bulgaria Greece Romania Portugal Uruguay 0 100 200 300 400 500 Source: World Press Trends 2010 Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: Media Use in the European Union. Standard Euro barometer 76, Autumn 2011 The situation may differ if the individual mediums are considered instead of the general level of media use. For example, the volume of daily TV viewing is generally greater in Southern Europe than in Northern Europe. When comparing the frequency of use of various mediums, we see that TV viewership is uniformly high in all the EU states, whereas, it is also significantly higher than the use other mediums (Table 2.4.3). TV is the must important news channel for both domestic and European events and processes. In the EU on the average, after TV, radio is the next most frequently used medium, and the print media is the most important news channel, although, in many countries, the Internet has become more popular than the other mediums. The effectiveness of media freedom from the viewpoint of democracy development is also related to how the given state, more generally, guarantees its citizens access to public information. In this regard, Estonia’s openness is remarkably good. Based on OECD data, in Estonia, more access to the data and documents that reflect the activities of the public authorities is guaranteed by law than in any other OECD state (see Table 2.4.6). However, we must, of course, consider that in many of the “old” democracies, the realisation of the citizen’s democratic rights is not regulated by legislation, but, in many cases, by good governance practices; while in the new democracies, the rights guaranteed by laws may not be complied with, if good practices are lacking. Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 81
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
Page 31 and 32: Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
Page 35 and 36: (OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
Page 37 and 38: The reciprocal dependence of the pr
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
Page 47 and 48: allude to the fact that approximate
Page 49 and 50: promote healthy lifestyles among th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68: tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70: 2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76: would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78: political participation are general
Page 79 and 80: strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81: is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 95 and 96: states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102: of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
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a uniform composite indicator has n
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3.4.6 The components of life qualit
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Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
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Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
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3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
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Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
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3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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productivity, which is defined as t
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perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
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References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
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Development Report employs generali
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and pasture land, and this was capi
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Basing the total and net savings re
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4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
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The problems include the very limit
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• Expenditures for active labour
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who lose their jobs. These ensure i
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4.4 Productivity and the economic s
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labour costs at the company level r
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Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
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Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
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4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
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Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
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Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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in order to make the R&D potential
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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