DEVELOPMENT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Based on the 2010 HBSC survey, the largest number of overweight schoolchildren is in the U.S. and Greece (about 30%), and the smallest number (6–8%) is in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Denmark. Ireland and Austria have the largest number of physically active children (more than 30%), and Italy has the least (6%). Unfortunately, during the last decade, Estonia has almost risen into the top third of the country rankings related to obesity in schoolchildren, and fallen into the bottom quarter in the rankings related to physical activity. The spread of obesity among children and teenagers, which results in metabolic problems that create the risk of heart and joint ailments, is an increasing health problem in the entire developed world. This is accompanied by psychosocial setbacks, as well as poor self-esteem, depression and a declining quality of life. The healthy lifestyles that are practiced when one is young are carried over into adulthood and vice versa – sedentary lifestyles promote the continuance and intensification of unhealthy habits. As the HBSC survey shows, this is what has happened among Estonian schoolchildren – with the last decade, the time spent watching TV and sitting behind the computer has drastically increased. What is positive is the fact that the earlier trend of increased weekly smoking and alcohol consumption has been halted, although Estonian students are still in first place when it comes to the age when they have tried cigarettes and narcotics, and the percentage who have become drunk (Aasvee 2009). Unfortunately, the impact of the factors that promote health is decreasing faster among Estonian schoolchildren than in other developed countries. During the last decade, the number of overweight boys and girls has increased suddenly, and just as suddenly, the number of those who are physically active every day has decreased. This dynamic is typical not only of Estonia, but of all the developed countries, which portends a significant increase in illness and the need for medical care in this generation in a few decades. Figure 1.4.6 Percentage of those that are physically active every day among 13-year-old girls 2002 2006 2010 Percentage Estonia Latvia Lithuania Finland Sweden HBSC average Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 1.4.7 Percentage of those that are physically active every day among 13-year-old boys 2002 2006 2010 Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 1.4.5 In conclusion Generally the health of the Estonian population has improved during the last decade. For instance, the projected life spans for men and women in Estonia that are 65 and older is just as good as in Europe on average, and the middle-aged are quickly approaching the European level. In regard to life expectancy and the remaining years of disability-free life, Estonia has reached record levels in the 21 st century, which is based on the significant reductions in the previous levels of mortality. Compared to the data for 2004, the number of years of disability-free life for Estonian boys born in 2010 had increased by 4.1 years and by 4.4 years for girls, i.e. during this time period, the life expectancy in Estonia increased for both men and women, based purely on the number of disability-free years left to live, which is a very gratifying result. In order to have this trend continue, and to have a longer life also mean years of disability-free living, we must continue to actively Estonia Latvia Lithuania Finland Sweden HBSC average Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 46 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
promote healthy lifestyles among the population, and to prevent heart disease and injuries, which has ensured the progress to date; but, at the same time, these are the reasons that the Estonian population’s health indicators to continue to lag. Medicalisation – the increased utilisation of medi cal assistance and medications – is a phenomenon characteristic of developed countries, and it is also spreading in Estonia. This is evidenced by the increased readiness of the medical system to provide continual medical assistance for various illnesses, as well as the readiness of the population to admit that they need help. The quantity of prescription medications that is being used, which characterises medicalisation, has doubled during the last decade in both Estonia and the Nordic countries. The total number of medication users, as well as the intensity of the use, has increased, although we cannot conclude from this that we now have more people who are ill, or that the illnesses have become more serious. This phenomenon rather demonstrates that the population’s illness-related behaviour is becoming consumer behaviour. Unfortunately, among Estonia’s young people, the health-promoting factors are decreasing, and the ones damaging to health are increasing, and this is happening faster than in the other developed countries. Among schoolchildren, the number of overweight boys and girls has suddenly increased during the last decade and, just as suddenly, the number of children who are physically active has decreased. This dynamic is typical not only of Estonia, but also the rest of the developed countries, and portends a significant increase in illness and the need for medical care in this generation, in a few decades. The Estonian population’s health trends, during the last decade, allow us to make a very simplified summary -- the older segment of the Estonian population is living longer; the middle-aged segment is living healthier; but among the young, the impact of the factors that protect one’s health is declining. We can only hope that the health behaviour of Estonia’s young people will become more health-sustaining when they reach the next age group. References 1. Eurostat Healthy life years statistics. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa. eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Healthy_life years_statistics 2. Health Behaviour of School-aged Children Study. http://www. hbsc.org/ 3. Estonian State Agency of Medicines medication statistics. http:// www.ravimiamet.ee/ 4. Nordic Medico-Statistical Committee. http://www.nom-nos.dk 5. Aru J., Rahno J., Rannala H. “Tervena elada jäänud aastad ning nende arvutamine,” Quarterly newsletter of Statistics Estonia. 2012; 1: 45–50. 6. Salomon J. A., Wang H., Freeman M. K., Vos T., Flaxman A. D., Lopez A. D., Murray C. J. L. “Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010,” Lancet 2012; 380: 2144–2162. 7. Volmer D., Smirnova L., Henrikson E., Kiivet R. A. “Eesti inimeste retseptiravimite kasutamise seosed tervise enesehinnangu ja krooniliste haiguste esinemisega 1996. ja 2006. aasta Eesti terviseuuringu andmetel,” Eesti Arst 2012; 91(6): 286–293. 8. Aasvee K., Maser M. “Ülevaade Eestis 2001/2002. ja 2005/2006. õppeaastal toimunud kooliõpilatse tervisekäitumise uuringutest teiste riikide taustal” Eesti Arst 2009; 88(6):390-401. Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 47
Page 1: ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
Page 6 and 7: Dear Reader Since the moment when E
Page 9 and 10: 1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
Page 11 and 12: the HDI’s content has also been h
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1.1.1 The human development
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
Page 17 and 18: The results of the Princeton Projec
Page 19 and 20: the hypothetical generation. The to
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
Page 25 and 26: The new trends that are appearing i
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
Page 29 and 30: New features were introduced into E
Page 31 and 32: Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
Page 35 and 36: (OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
Page 37 and 38: The reciprocal dependence of the pr
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
Page 47: allude to the fact that approximate
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68: tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70: 2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76: would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78: political participation are general
Page 79 and 80: strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81 and 82: is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 95 and 96: states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102:
of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104:
Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106:
3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108:
3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110:
choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114:
tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116:
References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118:
hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120:
and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122:
5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124:
people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126:
Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128:
at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130:
sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132:
3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134:
a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136:
3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142:
3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
Page 145 and 146:
3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
Page 147 and 148:
productivity, which is defined as t
Page 149 and 150:
perceive themselves as worse off th
Page 151 and 152:
4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
Page 153 and 154:
vide a valuable connection for maki
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
Page 157 and 158:
ule of law, the sub-indicators for
Page 159 and 160:
References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
Page 161 and 162:
Development Report employs generali
Page 163 and 164:
and pasture land, and this was capi
Page 165 and 166:
Basing the total and net savings re
Page 167 and 168:
4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170:
The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172:
• Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174:
who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176:
4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178:
labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180:
Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184:
4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186:
Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
Page 187 and 188:
Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
Page 189 and 190:
in order to make the R&D potential
Page 191 and 192:
It is characteristic of the South K
Page 193 and 194:
mechanisms for increasing their sta
Page 195 and 196:
Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
Page 197 and 198:
When Estonia regained its independe
Page 199 and 200:
5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
Page 201 and 202:
Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
Page 203 and 204:
5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
Page 205 and 206:
• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
Page 209:
Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
Page 212 and 213:
ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
Page 214 and 215:
EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
Page 216 and 217:
EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
Page 218:
Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
show all

DEVELOPMENT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?