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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju is Professor of Public Economy at the Tallinn University of Technology. His field of research is the economy and taxation of the public sector. He has also published articles on the mutual impact of foreign trade and regional economic activity, as well as the reciprocal impact of regulations, and the policies of the European Union. Allan Puur (PhD) is Leading Researcher at Tallinn University’s Estonian Institute for Population Studies. His area of research is demographic development in Estonia. In recent years, his research work has focused on fertility and family formation (the Second Demographic Transition, changes in the timing of parenthood and its effects, long-term continuities in demographic patterns). He also involved with the development of infrastructure and data sources for population research in Estonia. Triin Roosalu (PhD) is a researcher at Tallinn University’s Institute of International and Social Studies. As a sociologist, her research interests include social stratification, pre- and post-socialist states and comparative institutional analysis, which are related primarily to work, lifelong learning and the combining of jobs and life, as well as gender regimes more broadly. From 2004 to 2011, she participated in the international research project titled Towards a Lifelong Learning Society in Europe: The Contribution of the Education System; and since 2012, she has represented Estonia on the lead committee of the International Social Studies Programme (ISSP). Jüri Saar is Professor of Criminology in the Institute of Public Law at the University of Tartu. His main fields of research are criminal careers, the various forms of criminal activity (incl. corruption, human trafficking and homicides) and crime control in a globalising world. Kaire Põder (PhD) is Senior Research Scientist in the Chair of Theoretical Economics of the Department of Finance and Economics at the Tallinn University of Technology. Her main field of research is political and institutional economics with an emphasis on the analysis of the attributes of social traps and distribution mechanisms. In addition, she is the responsible executor for the research topic, Estonian School Selection Mechanisms. Luule Sakkeus (PhD) is Director and Senior Researcher at Tallinn University’s Estonian Institute for Population Studies. Her main field of expertise is demographic development in Estonia; her current research is mainly focused on population ageing and health. Since 2010, she has coordinated the international SHARE survey in Estonia, and also actively involved in the development of the national statistical system. Anu Realo (PhD) is Estonian Academy of Sciences Research Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Tartu. Her research is focused on personality norms, personality genetics, emotions, subjective well-being, social capital and stereotypes of national character. Since 2012, she has also been the responsible researcher in Estonia for the World Values Survey. Jüri Sepp is Professor of Economic Policy at the University of Tartu, and Candidate of Economics. His research work is related to the institutional and structural factors of the economic development of states, including the organisation of the governance of the infrastructural sector. He is also the author and translator of several general works on economic theory and economic policy. 214 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
Tiit Tammaru (PhD) is Professor of Urban and Population Geography at the University of Tartu. His main fields of research are population migration and sub-topics related thereto: migration and the changes in the Estonian diaspora in time and space; urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation; housing conditions, changing neighbourhoods and segregation. He has also examined the mutual connections between the spatial location of ethnic groups and integration. Urmas Varblane is an academician, Professor at the University of Tartu, Head of the Chair of International Business and Innovation, and Candidate of Economics. The main directions of his research include the following: the internationalisation of Estonia businesses, the role of direct foreign investments in the economy, the state’s innovation system and innovation policy, productivity and competitive of the branches of the economy. Erik Terk (PhD) is Director of Tallinn University’s Institute for Future Studies, and Professor of Future Studies and Strategic Management at the same university’s Institute of Political Science and Governance. His fields of research include the compilation of development scenarios for states and regions, and developments in Estonia viewed in a geo-economic context. Peeter Vihalemm is a Senior Researcher of Media Studies at the University of Tartu, Professor Emeritus, and Candidate of Psychology. His main fields of research include societal changes in transitional Estonia, the media system and media use in Estonia, and the international social space in the Baltic Sea Region. Anu Toots is Professor of Comparative Public Policy at Tallinn University’s Institute of Political Science and Governance. Her research interests are related to the contemporary problems of welfare states, including the concept of the welfare state as a state comprised of social investments. Within the framework of educational policy, she is involved with the IEA’s international studies of educational achievement and coordinated the IEA Civic and Citizenship Education Study between 1999 and 2009. Andres Võrk is Lecturer of Econometrics in the Department of Economics at the University of Tartu and Analyst of Labour and Social Policy at the Praxis Center for Policy Studies. His fields of research include the impact of Estonian labour and social policies on the labour market and the sustainability of social security. He is the author of several applied research studies dealing with the Estonian labour market and social policies. Uku Varblane (MA) is an analyst in the Centre for Applied Research at the University of Tartu and a PhD candidate in the Department of Economics at the University of Tartu. His fields of research are concerned primarily with topics related to productivity, innovation and direct foreign investments. Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 215
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
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1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
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Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
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allude to the fact that approximate
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promote healthy lifestyles among th
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Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
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Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
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Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
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Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
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The fact that Estonia’s position
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Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
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2People and Society Estonian Human
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Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
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tioning market economies (15 states
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2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
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Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
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Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
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would be something that none of the
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political participation are general
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strongest, while a very small perce
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is concerned, Estonia is one of the
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Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
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2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
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Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
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2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
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crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
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References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
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states included in the EU Kids Onli
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2.8 Public assessments of the state
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Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
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of the state’s development are en
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Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
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3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
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3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
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choices made, not what people say t
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Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
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tion agreed upon the social contrac
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References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
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hand, to the “inequality of acces
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and explanations of the extent of i
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5- much more than I deserve. Some d
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people in Estonia consider the inco
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Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
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at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
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sign. It seems that the usual view
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3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
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a uniform composite indicator has n
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3.4.6 The components of life qualit
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Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
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Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
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3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
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Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
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3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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productivity, which is defined as t
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perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
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References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
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Development Report employs generali
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and pasture land, and this was capi
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Page 167 and 168: 4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170: The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172: • Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174: who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176: 4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178: labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180: Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182: Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184: 4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186: Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
Page 187 and 188: Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
Page 189 and 190: in order to make the R&D potential
Page 191 and 192: It is characteristic of the South K
Page 193 and 194: mechanisms for increasing their sta
Page 195 and 196: Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
Page 197 and 198: When Estonia regained its independe
Page 199 and 200: 5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
Page 201 and 202: Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
Page 203 and 204: 5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
Page 205 and 206: • C -the “Estonia-centred” su
Page 207 and 208: Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
Page 209: Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
Page 212 and 213: ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
Page 214 and 215: EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
Page 218: Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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