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6Summary Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 The Next Step Mati Heidmets The Estonia Human Development Report for 2012–2013 introduced the reader to dozens of measures and hundreds of rankings, which the authors believe should provide a good description of today’s world and its people. Inevitably the question arises: what is this – the truth about life, a manipulation by interest groups, or a good business project? There is no sense in searching for the complete truth or an unambiguous message in these rankings, or numerical indicators characterising the countries. After all, the only thing a comparison can provide is hints about how things are going – nothing more. Everyone must obtain the complete picture through their own interpretation. At the same time, global comparisons definitely provide a more trustworthy basis for these interpretations than purely personal attitudes and common (pre)conceptions. The rating industry provides a way for the globalising world to perceive and describe itself. If organisations like the UN, OECD and Eurostat are behind the offering, one can be sure that an attempt is being made to use yardsticks that are assembled using the best available knowledge and carefully controlled procedures. Yet, it is still pertinent to point out some distinctive features of the rating industry. If we know the author, both the content and meaning of the comparison become clearer. Thus, in some cases the procedures and the result acquire the face of the initiator. If the UN is compiling the comparison, it will probably be related to global concerns; if the OECD is involved, an important motive will be to find instruments for stimulating economic development. In the case of Gallup, their American-centric approach in formulating the questions and interpreting the results is inevitable. Knowing the author allows us to better understand the idea and implications of the undertaking. It also pays to pay attention to the sources of the data. These can vary to a great extent; some sources are more reliable and trustworthy, like national censuses or government statistics, although, even in these cases there are certain margins of error. The yardsticks with greater degrees of fluctuation and more possibilities for interpretation are the ones based on surveys or expert assessments. Especially the latter are significantly affected by the composition of the expert group, and also the broader cultural context. The numerical values of the indicators characterising countries and peoples, most of which are presented as so-called “averages”, have caused some confusion. An average does not mean that this is characteristic of the majority. If the average life satisfaction value on the Gallup “ladder” is 5.4, this does not mean that the majority of Estonians have positioned their level of satisfaction between the fifth and sixth “steps of the ladder”. An average becomes meaningful when complemented by knowledge about the extent to which the given indicator varies in society. Actually, there is no such thing as an average Estonian – there are different groups, interests and Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 209
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
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1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
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Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
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allude to the fact that approximate
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promote healthy lifestyles among th
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Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
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Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
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Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
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Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
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The fact that Estonia’s position
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Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
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2People and Society Estonian Human
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Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
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tioning market economies (15 states
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2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
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Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
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Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
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would be something that none of the
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political participation are general
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strongest, while a very small perce
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is concerned, Estonia is one of the
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Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
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2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
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Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
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2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
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crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
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References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
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states included in the EU Kids Onli
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2.8 Public assessments of the state
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Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
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of the state’s development are en
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Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
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3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
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3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
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choices made, not what people say t
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Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
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tion agreed upon the social contrac
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References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
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hand, to the “inequality of acces
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and explanations of the extent of i
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5- much more than I deserve. Some d
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people in Estonia consider the inco
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Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
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at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
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sign. It seems that the usual view
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3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
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a uniform composite indicator has n
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3.4.6 The components of life qualit
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Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
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Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
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3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
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Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
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3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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productivity, which is defined as t
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perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
Page 159 and 160: References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
Page 161 and 162: Development Report employs generali
Page 163 and 164: and pasture land, and this was capi
Page 165 and 166: Basing the total and net savings re
Page 167 and 168: 4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170: The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172: • Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174: who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176: 4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178: labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180: Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182: Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184: 4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186: Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
Page 187 and 188: Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
Page 189 and 190: in order to make the R&D potential
Page 191 and 192: It is characteristic of the South K
Page 193 and 194: mechanisms for increasing their sta
Page 195 and 196: Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
Page 197 and 198: When Estonia regained its independe
Page 199 and 200: 5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
Page 201 and 202: Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
Page 203 and 204: 5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
Page 205 and 206: • C -the “Estonia-centred” su
Page 207 and 208: Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
Page 209: Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
Page 213 and 214: that repudiates the GDP-centric min
Page 215 and 216: Juhan Kivirähk is Senior Researche
Page 217 and 218: Tiit Tammaru (PhD) is Professor of
Page 220: ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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