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Table 4.5.2<br />
Comparison of innovation rankings of EU Member States<br />
based on two methodologies<br />
Innovation ranking of EU<br />
Member States based on<br />
the EC Scoreboard<br />
(2011 data)<br />
Ranking of the innovation<br />
capacity of the EU Member<br />
States based on WEF<br />
methodology (2011 data)<br />
Sweden 1 Finland 1<br />
Denmark 2 Sweden 2<br />
Germany 3 Germany 3<br />
Finland 4 Netherlands 4<br />
Belgium 5 Great Britain 5<br />
Great Britain 6 Belgium 6<br />
Netherlands 7 Denmark 7<br />
Austria 8 Austria 8<br />
Luxembourg 9 France 9<br />
Ireland 10 Luxembourg 10<br />
France 11 Ireland 11<br />
Slovenia 12 Estonia 12<br />
Estonia 14 Slovenia 14<br />
Czech Republic 17 Czech Republic 15<br />
Hungary 19 Hungary 18<br />
Slovakia 22 Slovakia 25<br />
lic sectors. It seems that the existence of strong (even very<br />
strong) universities is a key element here. The countries in<br />
this group are not only implementers of new technologies,<br />
but also the creators of new technologies.<br />
During the last 15 years, rapid economic growth has<br />
been typical of the Central and Eastern European (CEE)<br />
countries; whereas Slovenia and the Czech Republic are<br />
somewhat wealthier than Estonia and the others. In the<br />
general index of innovation capability, the countries in<br />
this group lag behind all the countries in the previous<br />
group. The innovation picture in these countries is also<br />
uneven, and as a rule, includes some weak elements.<br />
Against an international background, the innovation<br />
indices of the Czech Republic and Slovenia are still sufficiently<br />
good, and upon closer analysis, one can state that<br />
they are structurally better than the corresponding index<br />
for Estonia. Slovakia’s innovation index is considerably<br />
worse than the indices of the other group members, and<br />
is more similar to those of the South and Central American<br />
states. An analysis of the innovation picture of the<br />
countries in the CEE group shows that in all of them,<br />
besides Slovakia, the quality of their universities and<br />
other research institutions is relatively good, but not outstanding<br />
(none of the top universities of the CEE states in<br />
our selection are among the 200 strongest universities in<br />
the world). In these countries, this component is usually<br />
among the strongest. The synthetic innovation indices in<br />
the states of this group are either worse than the higher<br />
education and training indicators or more or less on the<br />
same level (Czech Republic). Collaboration between universities<br />
and companies is one of the strongest components<br />
of innovation potential only in the case of Estonia.<br />
Can we speak about the countries in this group as<br />
creators of new technologies, not only as the adopters of<br />
these technologies? In this regard, positive assessments<br />
have been given in the case of Slovenia and the Czech<br />
Republic. As far as the companies’ R&D investments, one<br />
can speak positively only about Slovenia, and as far as<br />
patents are concerned, about Slovenia and Hungary.<br />
In the Czech Republic and Estonia, compared to the<br />
other innovation components, the sufficiency of scientists<br />
and engineers is in a weaker position; as are patents in<br />
Estonia. The government procurement of advanced technology<br />
is not among the stronger elements in any of the<br />
given countries.<br />
The Czech Republic is better positioned in the<br />
ranking of innovation capacity than in the ranking of<br />
general competitiveness; in the other states in the group<br />
the situation is reversed. From this we can conclude that<br />
there is a danger that, following the rise in the cost of the<br />
economy and the exhaustion of less sophisticated development<br />
reserves, insufficient innovation capability may<br />
become an obstacle, for the majority of countries in this<br />
group, in achieving an economic growth similar to that<br />
of previous periods.<br />
As a whole, it can be said that, during the 2000s,<br />
the economic development in the reference states of<br />
South and Central America (three countries) lagged<br />
behind the leaders of Central and Eastern Europe. If, in<br />
the late 1990s, these three countries, with their per capita<br />
GDP of approximately US$10,000, were at, approximately,<br />
the same level as the previous group (except for Slovenia),<br />
during the decade before the last economic crisis they,<br />
nevertheless, did not achieve strong economic growth. If<br />
the CEE leaders at least doubled the size of their economies<br />
during this period, the GDP in the countries in<br />
the Americas under observation increased only 1.3 to 1.7<br />
times. And currently, the GDP per capita is clearly lower<br />
than in the top CEE countries.<br />
Costa Rica’s and Chile’s innovation capability<br />
indices, and most of the component indicators, are both<br />
at a strong middling level, and lag only slightly behind<br />
Estonia. Based on these indicators, Uruguay is clearly in a<br />
weaker position. The innovation capability rankings of all<br />
the South and Central American states under observation<br />
are worse than their positions based on higher education<br />
and training. The picture is about the same as for the CEE<br />
countries. However, what stands out about the American<br />
reference states is that the majority deal only with the<br />
adoption of technology, and not its creation.<br />
Although Costa Rica and Chile seem to be relatively<br />
similar, based on the traits examined above, the general<br />
competitiveness of Chile’s economy was significantly<br />
better than its innovation capability. This means that<br />
problems may develop when the economy arrives at the<br />
next, so-called innovation-based, stage of development. It<br />
is just the opposite in the case of Costa Rica – a relatively<br />
high innovation potential is underutilised because of<br />
inadequate economic policies, or for some other reasons.<br />
All of the four reference states in Asia are wealthier<br />
than Estonia, based on GDP per capita – Singapore<br />
very substantially, and the remainder (Israel, Taiwan<br />
and South Korea) by approximately one-third. It can be<br />
said that these all are economies, which have been successfully<br />
created during the last half century under very<br />
difficult circumstances. If we start to examine economic<br />
Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013<br />
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