DEVELOPMENT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 1.1.5 The health sub-index: Estonia compared to the groups of countries with very high and high human development levels, 1990-2012 health sub-index Countries with very high human development Countries with high human development 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 1990 Source: UNDP 2013 the health and income indices, while in the education index, i.e. the number of years devoted to the acquisition of education, we have, at least in the context of the HDI’s sub-index, exceeded the average of the countries with very high human development (Figure 1.1.3). However, at the same time, we have made no further development in this index since 2004. Is this a problem? Probably not, since it appears that for most countries the saturation point, related to years of education, is arrived at around the sub-index value 0.9, the point which Estonia has already reached (see Figure 1.1.4). New Zealand and Ireland, the countries with the highest values in the education sub-index, stand out – their saturation point was just arrived at a slightly higher level. It seems that from that point on, the suitability of the current sub-index for differentiating the educational levels of various countries ends. There is no point in extending the duration of education, and development will proceed on to substantive measurements. In the health sub-index, which calculates life expectancy at birth, Estonia is at a more modest position. Figure 1.1.5 shows that in the 1990s, during an economically and socially difficult transition period, Estonia’s development in this area was halted, and compared to the countries that continued to develop, a relative setback occurred. However, since the turn of the century, we have succeeded in somewhat closing the gap with the average of the countries with very high human development. But, to date, we have not been able to achieve the average achieved by the reference countries 20 years ago. At the same time, the increase in average life expectancy in Estonia, since the beginning of the new century, has been faster than that of any of the Central and Eastern European countries included in the comparison; we 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Estonia 2011 have already surpassed Hungary and are catching up with Slovakia, which can be considered to be a good achievement (Figure 1.1.6). In the comparison with Western and Northern European countries, during the last decade, the pace of our improvement in the health sub-index has been rapid, compared to the successfully rising Ireland. Yet, closing the gap with Ireland, or even Finland, may take another twenty years. Against the background of the rest of the world, during the last decade, Estonia has made relatively rapid progress. The speed of our development is roughly equivalent to that of the “miracle country” – South Korea. On the other hand, in regard to the health sub-index (average life expectancy), we unfortunately lag significantly behind all of the reference countries, and in the near future, we will probably only begin to catch up with Uruguay. Due to rapid economic fluctuations, the development in the income sub-index has been more sporadic than in the other indicators. The 1990s, due to the transition crisis, was a time when the relative gap increased, if we compare Estonia to the general trend in the countries with a very high level of human development (Figure 1.1.7). The short boom period after the turn of the century improved the wealth indicator significantly, but after the last economic crisis, the restoration of the convergence with the average achieved by countries with a very high level of human development, which occurred during the boom period, is not very probable. The economic crisis has reduced the gross national income (GNI) of all the Central and Eastern European countries included in the comparison. Our closest competitors in the economic growth sphere continue to be Slovakia and Hungary, with whom we have very similar wealth levels, but, for instance, in comparison to Slovenia, no significant progress has been made in closing the gap (Figure 1.1.7). Figure 1.1.6 The health sub-index: Estonia in comparison to the reference countries, 1990-2012 health sub-index Ireland Chile Slovenia Uruguay South Korea Estonia 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 1990 Source: UNDP 2013 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 12 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index: Estonia compared to the groups of countries with very high and high human development levels, 1990-2012 Countries with very high human development Countries with high human development 0.85 0.80 0.75 Estonia In the comparison with Western and Northern European countries, it can be noted that in summarizing the period between 1990 and 2007, the average pace of Estonia’s growth in the income index was only slightly slower than that of the Celtic Tiger, Ireland, despite the serious transition crisis in the early 1990s. In comparison to the small countries elsewhere in the world, the growth of Estonia’s income index in the years from 1990 to 2007 also seems to be rapid. True, it lagged behind that of South Korea, but was approximately the same as that of the Latin American reference countries. The HDI’s and its sub-indices’ comparison of the temporal dynamics of the various countries allows us to draw some general conclusions about Estonia’s human development. income sub-index 0.70 0.65 0.60 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 • The average speed of Estonia’s human development during the last two decades has been one of the fastest among the chosen reference countries, being close to the relevant indicators of the well-known success stories, Ireland and Slovenia, and only lagging behind the speed of development experienced by South Korea, which has been exceptionally successful in the global context. Source: UNDP 2013 Figure 1.1.8 The income sub-index: Estonia in comparison to the reference countries, 1990-2012 income sub-index Ireland Slovenia South Korea Estonia Chile 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 1990 Source: UNDP 2013 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 • Estonia’s perceptible gap with the countries with the world’s highest development levels is caused less by our slow development than by our low point of departure and the transition crisis of the 1990s. Today, despite the problems experienced, our health and wealth sub-indices are at a level achieved by the most developed reference countries 10 to 20 years ago. • The political choices made after the restoration of Estonia’s independence have generally promoted successful human development in the society as a whole. Whereas, this success was achieved predominantly before Estonia’s accession to the European Union and, at first, without any assistance from EU Structural Funds, which we did not start to receive until 2005. Based on the development of the reference countries, it can be claimed that it would have been unrealistic to hope for more rapid development. • In order for Estonia to close the gap with the countries that have the world’s best human development indicators, it is most important to increase people’s wealth and to promote healthy behaviour. In this regard, we can utilise the noteworthy experiences of several reference countries. References 1. Anand, S. & Sen, A. (2000). “The Income Component of the Human Development Index,” Journal of Human Development 1(1), 83–106. 2. Klugman, J., Rodríguez , F., Hyung-Jin Choi. (2011). The HDI 2010: New Controversies, Old Critiques. Human Development Research Papers, 2011/01, Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme. 3. Sen, Amartya. (1998). Autobiography. http://www.nobelprize.org/ nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1998/sen-autobio.html 4. Sen, Amartya. (2003). “Foreword,” Readings in Human Development, Concepts, Measures and Policies for a Development Paradigm. S. Fukuda-Parr and A. K. Shiva Kumar (Eds). Oxford University Press, New York. 5. UNDP (2013). International Human Development Indicators http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/tables/ Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 13
Page 1: ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
Page 6 and 7: Dear Reader Since the moment when E
Page 9 and 10: 1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
Page 11 and 12: the HDI’s content has also been h
Page 13: Figure 1.1.1 The human development
Page 17 and 18: The results of the Princeton Projec
Page 19 and 20: the hypothetical generation. The to
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
Page 23 and 24: Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
Page 25 and 26: The new trends that are appearing i
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
Page 29 and 30: New features were introduced into E
Page 31 and 32: Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
Page 33 and 34: Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
Page 35 and 36: (OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
Page 37 and 38: The reciprocal dependence of the pr
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
Page 41 and 42: Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
Page 43 and 44: 1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
Page 47 and 48: allude to the fact that approximate
Page 49 and 50: promote healthy lifestyles among th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66:
Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68:
tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70:
2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72:
Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76:
would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78:
political participation are general
Page 79 and 80:
strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81 and 82:
is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86:
2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88:
Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90:
2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92:
crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94:
References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 95 and 96:
states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98:
2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102:
of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104:
Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106:
3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108:
3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110:
choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114:
tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116:
References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118:
hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120:
and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122:
5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124:
people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126:
Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128:
at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130:
sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132:
3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134:
a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136:
3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142:
3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
Page 145 and 146:
3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
Page 147 and 148:
productivity, which is defined as t
Page 149 and 150:
perceive themselves as worse off th
Page 151 and 152:
4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
Page 153 and 154:
vide a valuable connection for maki
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
Page 157 and 158:
ule of law, the sub-indicators for
Page 159 and 160:
References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
Page 161 and 162:
Development Report employs generali
Page 163 and 164:
and pasture land, and this was capi
Page 165 and 166:
Basing the total and net savings re
Page 167 and 168:
4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170:
The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172:
• Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174:
who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176:
4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178:
labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180:
Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184:
4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186:
Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
Page 187 and 188:
Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
Page 189 and 190:
in order to make the R&D potential
Page 191 and 192:
It is characteristic of the South K
Page 193 and 194:
mechanisms for increasing their sta
Page 195 and 196:
Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
Page 197 and 198:
When Estonia regained its independe
Page 199 and 200:
5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
Page 201 and 202:
Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
Page 203 and 204:
5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
Page 205 and 206:
• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
Page 209:
Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
Page 212 and 213:
ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
Page 214 and 215:
EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
Page 216 and 217:
EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
Page 218:
Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
show all

DEVELOPMENT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?