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3.4.12 In conclusion This chapter looked at modern approaches to measuring the quality of life , which combine material and non-material, objective and subjectiveindicators. This multi-dimensionality of the phenomenon also questions the feasibility of creating an absolute and single ranking , since different countries can be found at the top on the different dimensions. Yet, some common features are still typical for the top performers. Switzerland, Norway, Canada, Denmark and Sweden – they all have a long stable democracy, and equally highly developed dimensions of the quality of life. Estonia belongs in the life quality to the lowest quarter of the OECD countries, resembling Hungary, Brazil and Chile. Estonia is exceptional in the unevenness of the various dimensions of the quality of life, and the great lag in material living conditions. Non-material components of private lifes (good family and community relations, work-life balance), in contrary, increase Estonia’s overall position and proved to be resilient to the economic recession. However, Estonia is not a typical Eastern Europeancountry, becauseunlike the other post-communist nations, the people of Estonia are optimistic about the future, trust their fellow citizens, and are socially active. This optimism and the strong community ties are in sharp contrast to satisfaction with public services. In the EU the economic recession had practically no impact on the public satisfaction with public services, in Estonia instead, the satisfaction with the pension system, healthcare and long-term care services has decreased significantly. One of the weaknesses in enhancing the quality of life quality in Estonia are the poor and uneven housing conditions. The lack of a national housing policy has resulted in many elderly and poor people lacking elementary health and sanitary conditions, while people with housing loans in Estonia have higher coping risk than those in other countries. Since satisfaction with housing is correlated with almost all other life quality indicators, increasing the satisfaction with housing would increase the total life quality and well-being. Another life quality component that would create such positive spillover is education. Based thereon, when planning public policy, broader and more complex attention must be paid to less-educated people, along with their own empowerment. Typically, the positive effect of education on material well- being and employability have been stressed. Yet, a similar effect can also be seen on health, family relations and the worklife balance. References 1. Aavakivi, K. (2012). Valitsuse (governance) printsiipide rakendamine põhikooli- ja gümnaasiumiseaduse koostamise protsessis. Master’s thesis Tallinn: Institute of Political Science and Governance, Tallinn University. 2. Aaviksoo, A., Kirss, L., Mägi, E. (2010). “Is Education as Estonia’s Current Human Development Engine Starting to Tire?” Estonian Human Development Report 2009. Ed. Lauristin, M. Tallinn: Estonian Cooperation Assembly, 17–20. 3. Abbot, P., Wallace, C. (2012b). “Rising Economic Prosperity and Social Quality: The Case of New Member States of the European Union,” Social Indicators Research. Springer Link http://link. springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11205-012-9992-0 ( vaadatud 14.02.2013) 4. Abbot, P., Wallace, C. (2012a). “Social Quality: A Way to Measure the Quality of Society,” Social Indicators Research. 2012 August; 108(1): 153–167. 5. Ader, S. (2012) Noorteühenduste roll hariduspoliitika kujundamisel: Eesti kõrgharidusreformi juhtum. Master’s thesis. Tallinn: Institute of Political Science and Governance, Tallinn University.Alber, J., Gilbert,N. (eds) (2010). United in Diversity? Comparing Social Models in Europe and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6. Alber, J., Fahey, T., Saraceno, C. (eds.) (2008). Handbook of Quality of Life in the Enlarged European Union. London: Routledge. 7. Alcock, P., Craig,G. (eds.) (2009). International Social Policy. Welfare Regimes in the Developed World. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 8. Bohnke, P. (2008). “Does Society Matter? Life Satisfaction in an Enlarged Europe,” Social Indicators Research, 87, 189–210. Glatzer, W., Zapf, W. (hrsg) (1984) Lebensqualität in der Bundesrepublik. Objektive Lebensbedingungen und subjektives Wohlbefinden . Frankurt: Campus. 9. International Living http://internationalliving.com/2010/12/ quality-of-life-2011/( viewed 13.03.2013) 10. Diefenbacher, H., Zieschank, R. (2009) Measuring Welfare in Germany. A Suggestion for a New Welfare Index. Final Report on the Research Project. Heidelberg: Research Centre of the Evangelishen Studiengemeinschaft, Heidelberg and Research Centre for Environmental Policy, Freie Universität Berlin. 11. Stiglitz, J., Sen, A., Fitoussi, J-P. (2009). Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic and Social Progress. http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm (viewed 21.12.2012). 12. Eurofound (2013). Third European Quality of Life Survey. Survey Mapping Tool http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/surveys/ smt/3eqls/index.EF.php 13. Eurofound (2012). Third European Quality of Life Survey – Quality of Life in Europe: Impacts of the Crisis. Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg. 14. Eurofound (2010). Trends in Quality of Life in EU: 2003–2009. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/htmlfiles/ef1047. htm (viewed 25.12.2012) 15. Eurostat (2010). “Highly Educated Men and Women Likely to Live Longer,” Statistics in Focus, 24. 16. Mercer (2012). Quality of Living Ranking. http://www.mercer. com/qualityofliving (viewed 13.03.2013) 17. Noll, H.( 2002) “Towards a European System of Social Indicators,” Social Indicators Research 58: 47–87. 18. OECD (2011). How’s Life? Measuring Well-Being. OECD Publishing. 19. Phillips, D. (2006). Quality of Life. Concept, Policy and Practice. London: Routledge 20. Toots, A., Bachmann, J. (2010) “Contemporary Welfare Regimes in Baltic States: Adapting Post-Communist Conditions to Post-Modern Challenges,” Studies of Transition States and Societies, Vol. 2 (2), 31–44. 21. WHO (2008). World Health Organization Global Health Observatory Data Repository 22. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/ (viewed 12.02.2013). 138 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
3.5 Environment dimension of well-being Mari Jüssi This sub-chapter analyses the developments in Estonia during the last 10 to 15 years, using the indices and indicators related to the ecological sustainability and resource consumption of society. The Ecological Footprint, Carbon Footprint, energy intensity of the economy, and resource productivity are all examined. Estonia is part of the globalising world, where products, as well as the environmental impact of human activity, move across national borders, and therefore, the statistics that are usually related to the environmental impact of production do not reflect the environmental impact of imported products and services caused in foreign countries. In other words – the global ecological impact that is caused by the production and consumption in Estonia has not been considered to date. 3.5.1 The Ecological Footprint – definition and measures The Ecological Footprint is a composite indicator, which associates the ecological impact of human activities with the existing ecological reserves. In other words, the Ecological Footprint shows how many services of the Earth’s ecosystem are consumed by humanity, its countries and cities, and whether this consumption is within the limits of nature’s regeneration capability. The size of the equivalent biologically productive area (in global hectares), which would be able to regenerate these natural resources and neutralise the waste, is calculated for the country’s (or some other unit’s) material and energy flows. According to the latest Global Ecological Footprint report, compiled in 2011, the area per capita in the world necessary for this regeneration is 1.8 global hectares, i.e., this is the sustainable level of Ecological Footprint per capita, which would allow planet Earth to tolerate the resource consumption of the entire population. This can fluctuate somewhat by year, depending on the level of productivity of the Earth and the size of population. Currently, the consumption per capita is about 2.7 global hectares, or figuratively, 1.5 planets annually. This means that it takes Earth 18 months to regenerate the resources that humanity consumes, and to decompose the waste it creates, in a year. This is called ecological overshoot. This is a situation in which the consumption of resources is greater than their actual reserves, resulting in the depletion of ecological resources and the accumulation of waste. The resources consumed by humanity have exceeded the regeneration capability of Earth since the early 1980s; but as recently as the mid-1960s, humanity consumed half as much. (WWF et al., 2012) Figure 3.5.1.a The Ecological Footprint and GDP (based on PPP), per capita of the European Union Member Countries, 2008. Built-up area Carbon Fishing ground Forest Grazing land Cropland GDP (PPP) Hectare per capita Denmark Belgium Netherlands Ireland Finland Sweden Austria Czech Republic Slovenia Greece France Spain Estonia Great Britain EU 27 Slovakia Germany Italy Lithuania Portugal Latvia Poland Hungary Bulgaria Romania € per capita 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Source: Global Footprint Network 2012 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 139
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
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1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
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Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
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allude to the fact that approximate
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promote healthy lifestyles among th
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Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
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Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
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Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
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Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
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The fact that Estonia’s position
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Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
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2People and Society Estonian Human
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Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
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tioning market economies (15 states
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2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
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Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
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Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
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would be something that none of the
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political participation are general
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strongest, while a very small perce
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is concerned, Estonia is one of the
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Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
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2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
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Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
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Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102: of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134: a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136: 3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139: Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
Page 145 and 146: 3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
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Page 149 and 150: perceive themselves as worse off th
Page 151 and 152: 4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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Page 155 and 156: Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
Page 157 and 158: ule of law, the sub-indicators for
Page 159 and 160: References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
Page 161 and 162: Development Report employs generali
Page 163 and 164: and pasture land, and this was capi
Page 165 and 166: Basing the total and net savings re
Page 167 and 168: 4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170: The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172: • Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174: who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176: 4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178: labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180: Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182: Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184: 4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186: Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
Page 187 and 188: Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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