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Figure 3.4.3 People’s self-assessment of their health, by income group: Adults (15 years and older) who consider their health as good or very good (%) and the difference in assessments between the wealthiest and poorest income quintiles (2009) Poorest income quintile Wealthiest income quintile Ratio of the wealthiest income quintile to the poorest Ratio Korea Ungari Eesti 0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 Figure 3.4.4a Perceived quality of the education system, on a ten point scale, where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Finland Denmark Austria Netherlands Slovenia Ireland Czech Republic EU 27 Estonia Hungary Slovakia Sloveenia Slovakkia Source: EQLS 2011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tšehhi Austria Soome Figure 3.4.4b Perceived quality of public transport, on a ten point scale , where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Tai Holland Šveits Iirimaa Uus-Meremaa USA Austria Finland Netherlands Denmark EU 27 Estonia Slovenia Czech Republic Ireland Slovakia Hungary Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Source: OECD 2011 Source: EQLS 2011 The lack of rooms, or their non-conformity to the household structure, has been a classic measure of the quality life. In recent years (especially in times of last economic recession), the issue of housing costs has become more acute, including housing tenure and the mortgage burden. Although high housing costs are often an issue of concern in Estonia, their percentage in the family budget is not high, compared to other OECD countries. At average of 10% of households in the OECD countries spend 40%, or more, of their budgets on housing, which is considered to be a(housing cost overburden. In Estonia the housing cost overburden rate is only 4.4%. This indicator depends, to great extent, on the country’s housing policies, housing tenure and subsidies, and therefore, one must be cautious when making cross-country comparisons. Everywhere, those who rent housing from the private sector at market prices are in the worse situation; in some countries (incl. Estonia), households that have housing loans experience the housing cost overburden more often than others. The difference in housing costs between households with mortgage, and with home ownership is especially striking in countries that experienced the real estate boom in 2007 and 2008 (like Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain). Yet, coping with housing costs, or even loans, is not the greatest problem in Estonia; in international comparisons, we are quite ordinary. What we do stand out for (and in a negative way) is the poor quality of the housing (lack of WC and shower, rotting windows, dampness). In most of the OECD countries, all the households have elementary sanitary facilities; but in Estonia, 13% of families do not have a WC and shower. On this indicator, Estonia is similar to Turkey and Chile, and also to Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Romania.Moreover, for Estonia is typical that elderly people are twice less equipped with basic sanitary facilities than younger generations. Twenty percent of 65+ people in Estonia have only outdoor toilet, and no shower room. Satisfaction with housing is directly correlated with the sanitary conditions and the sufficiency of space. However, there is no correlation between housing costs and satisfaction, which shows that, for many households, the investment in housing has beena voluntary option, and they are ready to bear the high housing costs (OECD, 2011). Therefore, in order to provide adequate explanations, it is important to differentiate those who spend a large amount of household budget on housing voluntarily, and those, who are forced to do so due to their small income. 134 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of social housing, on a ten point scale , where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Figure 3.4.4f Perceived quality of the health services, on a ten point scale, where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Austria Denmark Finland Netherlands Ireland EU 27 Estonia Slovenia Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Austria Denmark Netherlands Finland Czech Republic Slovenia EU 27 Estonia Hungary Ireland Slovakia 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Source: EQLS 2011 Source: EQLS 2011 Figure 3.4.4d Perceived quality of childcare services, on a ten point scale, where 0 = not satisfied at all; and 10 = very satisfied. Figure 3.4.4g Perceived quality of the state pension system, on a ten point scale , where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Finland Austria Denmark Netherlands Slovenia Czech Republic Estonia EU 27 Ireland Slovakia Hungary Finland Netherlands Denmark Austria Ireland EU 27 Czech Republic Slovenia Estonia Hungary Slovakia Source: EQLS 2011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Source: EQLS 2011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 3.4.4e Perceived quality of long-term careservices, on a ten point scale, where 0 = not satisfied at all, and 10 = very satisfied. Austria Denmark Netherlands Finland Slovenia Czech Republic EU 27 Ireland Estonia Hungary Slovakia Source: EQLS 2011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 More broadly, the housing indicators are correlated with almost all the dimensions of well-being, because housing in an important consumtion item and investment. Therefore, increase in housing quality effectively increases the entire life quality and well-being. 3.4.9 Health Good health is one of the most important aspects of a high quality of life, which influences people’s ability to cope financially and socially. As a rule, healthier societies also have better employment indicators and a higher level of civic engagement (OECD 2011). The measurement of health, in the human development context, has undergone a process similar to education – from simple quantitative indicators (average life span, infant mortality), it has moved to more complicated indices. These include both health statistics and people’s subjective assessments of their health, as well as the links between health and lifestyle. (). “Modern diseases”, such as obesity, mental problems, and chronic illnesses are often not related to the the society’s wealth, but rather to the environment status, culture and education. Also, longer life expectancy has been accompanied by the increase in chronic illnesses, despite advanced medical care and increasing healthcare costs. Therefore, it is not surprising that the percentage of people in Estonia that suffer from chronic medical problems is similar to Finland (about 40%); Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 135
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
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1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
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Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
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allude to the fact that approximate
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promote healthy lifestyles among th
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Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
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Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
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Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
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Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
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The fact that Estonia’s position
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Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
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2People and Society Estonian Human
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Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
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tioning market economies (15 states
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2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
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Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
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Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
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would be something that none of the
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political participation are general
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strongest, while a very small perce
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is concerned, Estonia is one of the
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Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 95 and 96: states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 101 and 102: of the state’s development are en
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134: a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135: 3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
Page 145 and 146: 3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
Page 147 and 148: productivity, which is defined as t
Page 149 and 150: perceive themselves as worse off th
Page 151 and 152: 4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
Page 153 and 154: vide a valuable connection for maki
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
Page 157 and 158: ule of law, the sub-indicators for
Page 159 and 160: References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
Page 161 and 162: Development Report employs generali
Page 163 and 164: and pasture land, and this was capi
Page 165 and 166: Basing the total and net savings re
Page 167 and 168: 4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
Page 169 and 170: The problems include the very limit
Page 171 and 172: • Expenditures for active labour
Page 173 and 174: who lose their jobs. These ensure i
Page 175 and 176: 4.4 Productivity and the economic s
Page 177 and 178: labour costs at the company level r
Page 179 and 180: Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
Page 181 and 182: Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
Page 183 and 184: 4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
Page 185 and 186: Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
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Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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in order to make the R&D potential
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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