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Figure 2.8.5 Changes related to trust in political parties in Estonia and the reference countries, from 2006 to 2012. Estonia Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Finland Denmark Netherlands Greece 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Trust, percentage 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Eurobarometer the citizenry in Lithuania, 73% in Slovenia, 70 % in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, 60% in Estonia and 55% in Latvia are not satisfied (Figure 2.8.6). Especially noteworthy is the relatively positive assessment of the functioning of democracy in Latvia at the end of 2012, when, only a year ago, the majority of the people were deeply pessimistic when assessing the democratic development in their state, and its ability to cope with problems (see Lauristin, Vihalemm 2011). Despite their government’s drastic cutback policy, the belief of the citizenry in Latvia and Estonia has proven to be stronger during the crisis period than it has been in the Czech Republic and Slovenia, which have set examples for us in the democracy ratings. It can only be said that quite a large role is played therein by the freedom of the media, which allows for an honest and wide-ranging dissection of the scandals that inflame the public, and of the critical problems in society, before they develop into waves of mass protest, as we have seen in Bulgaria, Hungary and also Greece. 2.8.3 Assessments of the state’s path of development In Europe, there are few states, where, despite the crisis, the majority of the population is convinced that things are moving in the right direction in their country. When asked for an assessment of the current path of the state’s development, most of the opinions are critical. Only in Denmark and Austria, are there slightly fewer doubters than there are people who continue to believe that the country had chosen the correct path of development (Figure 2.8.7). The greatest doubts about the direction Figure 2.8.6 Satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in Estonia and the reference countries, 2012 Satisfied Denmark Finland Netherlands Austria Ireland Poland Latvia Estonia Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Lithuania Not satisfied Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: Eurobarometer 78, autumn 2012 98 Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013
of the state’s development are encountered in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Estonia’s public opinion, which, previously, differed significantly from that of Latvia and Lithuania, has now become quite similar, and public opinion, in Ireland, is similar to all three of them. If we compare this, to the answers to the same questions five years ago (2007), when the effects of the crisis were yet to be felt, we see that, at that time, the assessments of development were clearly optimistic. There were more supporters for the direction of development of the country, than there were doubters, in Finland, Denmark and Austria, as well as Estonia, Ireland and Slovakia. Of course, there are also exceptions like Hungary, were the assessments of the developmental path were low, for a long time; or Latvia, where, five years ago, the direction of development was assessed even more pessimistically, but now the percentage of optimists has increased slightly. Generally, it can be said that the crisis made the citizens of all the European Union states think about the possibility of alternative development models. However, the important question is whether the search for these alternatives takes place in a constructive democratic atmosphere, where workable solutions are being sought, or the crisis mentality has deteriorated the belief in democracy, and this leads, not to new solutions, but to conflicts, which make it increasingly difficult to find solutions, and threaten the stability of the entire society. 2.8.4 Summary In conclusion, it can be said that trust in a state and its institutions is an important indicator, which expresses not only the reaction of the public to the events and scandals occurring in the state, but also reveals the public’s more general attitude toward democracy, and their satisfaction with the general direction of development in the state. Trust in the state’s institutions is reflected, indirectly, in society’s cohesion, and its capability to cope with conflicts and crises, Therefore, a decline in trust can be seen as a dangerous symptom of the reduction in that society’s stability. In international comparisons, we see the following clear differentiation: on the one hand, are the Nordic countries and some other old democracies, where trust in the government and political parties, and the general assessment of the functioning of democracy, has quite definitely endured the crisis; and on the other hand, are the countries, primarily in Central and Southern Europe, where the trustworthiness of the political system has suffered a serious decline as a result of the crisis, and therefore, the stability of the society has fallen into crisis. The fragility of the trust capital of young democracies is demonstrated by the Figure 2.8.7 Assessment of the direction of development in Estonia and the reference countries, 2007 and 2012 Development progressing in the right direction: 2007 2012 Development progressing in the wrong direction: 2007 2012 Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Denmark Austria Finland Netherlands Ireland Estonia Latvia Poland Lithuania Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Czech Republic Percentage 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Source: Eurobarometer 68 and 78 trajectory of the former success stories of the Czech Republic and Slovenia, during and after the crisis, when trust in the government and political parties has been steadily declining, falling below 10% of the population. Compared to these countries, Estonia’s democratic institutions have maintained a relatively good reserve of political trust, although the decline, during the last few years, is also cause for concern in Estonia, and the assessment of the correctness of the country’s direction of development has decreased, more than twofold, within the last five years. References 1. Public Opinion and National Defence poll – www.kmin.ee/et/ avalik-arvamus 2. Eurobarometer 68 – Eurobarometer 68: Autumn 2007. – ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb68/eb68_en.pdf 3. Eurobarometer 78 – Standard Eurobarometer 78: Autumn 2012. – ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb78/eb78_first_en.pdf 4. Lauristin, M., Vihalemm, P. (2011). “Satisfaction with the Outcomes of Baltic Transition in Spring 2011,” Estonian Human Development Report 2010/2011. Tallinn: Estonian Cooperation Assembly Estonian Human Development Report 2012/2013 99
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ESTONIAN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2
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Table of Contents 1 Human Capital /
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Dear Reader Since the moment when E
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1Human Capital Estonian Human Devel
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the HDI’s content has also been h
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Figure 1.1.1 The human development
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Figure 1.1.7 The income sub-index:
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The results of the Princeton Projec
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the hypothetical generation. The to
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Figure 1.2.3 Life expectancy. Eston
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Table 1.2.2 also presents the most
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The new trends that are appearing i
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Figure 1.2.8 Components of populati
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New features were introduced into E
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Initiation of Voluntary Birth Contr
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Table 1.3.1 Best-known educational
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(OECD 2012b). Therefore a certain r
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The reciprocal dependence of the pr
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Figure 1.3.8 Percentage of students
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Table 1.3.4 The quality of educatio
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1.4 Health Raul-Allan Kiivet Change
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Table 1.4.1 Usage of prescription m
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allude to the fact that approximate
Page 49 and 50: promote healthy lifestyles among th
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.5.1 The World Values Surve
Page 53 and 54: Table 1.5.2 Estonia’s participati
Page 55 and 56: Figure 1.5.3 The percentage of the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 1.5.5 Percentage of the Esto
Page 59 and 60: The fact that Estonia’s position
Page 61 and 62: Summary Mati Heidmets The global vi
Page 63 and 64: 2People and Society Estonian Human
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1.1 Structure of the Bertel
Page 67 and 68: tioning market economies (15 states
Page 69 and 70: 2.2 Freedom and democracy Martin M
Page 71 and 72: Table 2.2.1 Democracy indicators Po
Page 73 and 74: Figure 2.2.2 The distribution of th
Page 75 and 76: would be something that none of the
Page 77 and 78: political participation are general
Page 79 and 80: strongest, while a very small perce
Page 81 and 82: is concerned, Estonia is one of the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2.4.2 Average circulation of
Page 85 and 86: 2.5 Corruption Jüri Saar In accord
Page 87 and 88: Lithuania, 61%; and in Russia, 69%.
Page 89 and 90: 2.6.2 Intentional homicides in Esto
Page 91 and 92: crime. And thirdly, there was a wis
Page 93 and 94: References 1. Ahven, A. & Tabur, L.
Page 95 and 96: states included in the EU Kids Onli
Page 97 and 98: 2.8 Public assessments of the state
Page 99: Figure 2.8.4 Changes releated to tr
Page 103 and 104: Table 2.9.1 The positions of Estoni
Page 105 and 106: 3. IEP (2011). Structures of Peace.
Page 107 and 108: 3Welfare and the Quality of Life Es
Page 109 and 110: choices made, not what people say t
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.1.5 Public social spending
Page 113 and 114: tion agreed upon the social contrac
Page 115 and 116: References 1. Aidukaite, J. (2006).
Page 117 and 118: hand, to the “inequality of acces
Page 119 and 120: and explanations of the extent of i
Page 121 and 122: 5- much more than I deserve. Some d
Page 123 and 124: people in Estonia consider the inco
Page 125 and 126: Table 3.3.1 Experienced Well-Being
Page 127 and 128: at about 70%. In Latvia and Lithuan
Page 129 and 130: sign. It seems that the usual view
Page 131 and 132: 3.4 Quality of life Anu Toots 3.4.1
Page 133 and 134: a uniform composite indicator has n
Page 135 and 136: 3.4.6 The components of life qualit
Page 137 and 138: Figure 3.4.4c Perceived quality of
Page 139 and 140: Figure 3.4.5 Changes in the depriva
Page 141 and 142: 3.5 Environment dimension of well-b
Page 143 and 144: Figure 3.5.1.b Estonia’s position
Page 145 and 146: 3.5.4 Energy intensity The energy i
Page 147 and 148: productivity, which is defined as t
Page 149 and 150: perceive themselves as worse off th
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4The Economy Estonian Human Develop
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vide a valuable connection for maki
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Figure 4.1.3 Components of economic
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ule of law, the sub-indicators for
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References 1. Acemoglu, D.; Robinso
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Development Report employs generali
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and pasture land, and this was capi
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Basing the total and net savings re
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4.3 Labour market Reelika Leetmaa,
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The problems include the very limit
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• Expenditures for active labour
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who lose their jobs. These ensure i
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4.4 Productivity and the economic s
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labour costs at the company level r
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Table 4.4.4 Comparison of the produ
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Figure 4.4.1 Annual average increas
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4.5 Innovation Erik Terk, Katrin M
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Table 4.5.2 Comparison of innovatio
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Table 4.5.4 Comparison of the indic
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in order to make the R&D potential
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It is characteristic of the South K
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mechanisms for increasing their sta
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Globalisation and Policy Patterns 5
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When Estonia regained its independe
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5.2 The impacts of globalisation an
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Table 5.2.2 Support of the differen
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5.3 Development policies Erik Terk,
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• C -the “Estonia-centred” su
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Figure 5.4.1 Support for the possib
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Summary Erik Terk Estonia is part o
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ehavioural patterns. Therefore, it
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Clemens Buche
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EDR 2012/2013 authors Alari Purju i
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Editor-in-Chief: Mati Heidmets Prod
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