Estonian Human Development Report

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Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Estonian and Russianspeaking population towards the changes in Estonian society during the last 10–15 years 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 65 35 Changes make me happy 19 30 Changes make me sad 71 42 Changes make me happy Source: (University of Tartu survey Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2002, 2005 and 2008) 12 18 Changes make me sad 68 29 Changes make me happy 2002 2005 2008 Estonian Russian 15 32 Changes make me sad Table 4.3.2. Attitudes of the Estonian and Russianspeaking population towards the changes in Estonian society during the last 10–15 years The changes in Estonian society make me … All respondents Language of the survey Estonian Russian 2002 happy 55 66 35 sad 22 19 30 2005 happy 63 72 43 sad 14 12 19 2008 happy 58 71 31 sad 19 13 32 Source: University of Tartu survey Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2002, 2005 and 2008 Table 4.3.3. Assessment of changes in Estonian life during the last 3 years (%) Estonians Russians Pleased by the changes during the last 3 years Saddened by the changes during the last 3 years Pleased by the changes during the last 3 years Saddened by the changes during the last 3 years All Source: Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008 References Age 15–24 25–39 40–59 60–75 61 73 70 56 45 34 22 28 40 48 29 51 34 20 19 57 36 55 64 69 1. Aslund, A. (2002). Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Aslund, A. (2007). How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Cambridge etc: Cambridge University Press. 3. Ehin, P. (2007). “Political Support in the Baltic Countries, 1993– 2004” Journal of Baltic Studies, 38, 1, pp. 1–20. 4. Feldmann, M. (2007). “Emerging Varieties of Capitalism: Lessons from Post-Socialist Transition in Estonia and Slovenia” In Hancke, B., Rhodes, M. & Thatcher, M. (eds), Beyond Varieties of Capitalism: Conflict, Contradictions, and Complementaries in the European Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5. Kalmus, V., Lauristin, M. & Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, P. (eds.) (2004). Eesti elavik 21. sajandi algul: ülevaade uurimuse Mina. Maailm.Meedia tulemustest. Tartu: Tartu University Press. 6. Kennedy, M. (2002). Cultural Formations of Post-Communism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War. Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press. 7. Lauristin, M. (2007). “World-view and Support for Political Parties”. In Heidmets, M. (editor-in-chief), Estonian Human Development Report 2006. Tallinn: Social Contract Foundation. 8. Rose, R. (1995). “New Baltic Barometer II: A Survey Study” Studies in Public Policy, No. 251. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 9. Rose, R. (1997a). “Baltic Trends: Studies in Co-operation, Conflict, Rights and Obligations” Studies in Public Policy, No. 288. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 10. Rose, R. (1997b). “New Baltic Barometer III: A Survey Study” Studies in Public Policy, No. 284. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 11. Rose, R. (1998). “Getting Things Done with Social Capital: New Russia Barometer VII” Studies in Public Policy, No. 303. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 12. Rose, R. (2000). “New Baltic Barometer IV: A Survey Study” Studies in Public Policy No. 338, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 13. Rose, R. (2002). “New Baltic Barometer V: A Pre-Enlargement Survey” Studies in Public Policy No.368, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 14. Rose, R. (2004). “Russian Responses to Transformation: Trends in Public Opinion since 1992” Studies in Public Policy No. 390, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 15. Rose, R. (2005a). “Insiders and Outsiders: New Europe Barometer 2004” Studies in Public Policy No. 404, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 16. Rose, R. (2005b). “New Baltic Barometer VI: A Post-Enlargement Study” Studies in Public Policy No. 401, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 17. Rose, R. and Maley, W. (1994). “Nationalities in the Baltic States: A Survey Study” Studies in Public Policy, No. 222. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. 18. Saar, A. (2007). Rahvussuhted ja integratsioonipoliitika väljakutsed pärast pronkssõduri kriisi. Tulemuste kirjeldav ülevaade. Tallinn: Saar Poll. Available electronically www.rahvastikuminister.ee/public/Integratsioonipoliitika_väljakutsed.pdf (viewed 09.11.2008) 19. Zapf, W., Habich, R., Bulmahn, T. & Delhey, J. (2002). “The Case of Germany: Transformation through Unification” In Adamski, W., Machonin, P. & Zapf, W. (eds) (2002). Structural Change and Modernization in Post-Socialist Societies. Hamburg: Krämer. 20. Vihalemm, T. & Kalmus, V. (2008). “Cultural Differencies: Identity and Values”. In Heidmets, M. (editor-in-chief), Estonian Human Development Report 2007. Tallinn: Estonian Cooperation Assembly. | 90
4.4. Political support and political participation: comparison of Estonians and non-Estonians Continuing the topic of social attitudes covered above, the following subchapter provides an overview of political support and participation in Estonia with an emphasis on the comparison of ethnic groups. Answers are sought to the following questions: How high or low is the level of political support and political participation in Estonia (compared to the other Baltic countries, the countries of Eastern Europe and “old” democracies)? Has the degree of support and participation changed over time and how? Are there significant differences in the levels of support and participation between various ethnic groups? How justified is the expectation that the ethnic gap in political attitudes and political behaviour among the Estonian population will decrease with the change in generations? 22 What is political support and why study it? Organizations that monitor the development of democracy categorize Estonia as a country where democracy as a form of government has been consolidated. These evaluations focus, to a great extent, on the existence of free elections and the effective performance of democratic institutions. However, the development of well-functioning institutions is only one facet of democratization. Another, equally important aspect has to do with the extent democratic principles become rooted in people’s attitudes and behaviour, and concerns popular satisfaction with the activities of democratic institutions. In order to systematically examine people’s assessments of the established political order, it is useful to distinguish among the following dimensions of political support (Easton 1965, Norris 1999; Klingemann 1999): 1. support for the current definition of the political community (who should form the citizenry? Where should the borders of the state be drawn?); 2. support for the fundamental principles of the political regime (for instance, support for democracy as a form of government); 3. satisfaction with regime performance; 4. trust in political institutions; 5. evaluations of specific political incumbents. The study of these various facets allows one to diagnose the problems of democracy more precisely and to predict the consequences of possible lack of trust. The following analysis attempts to summarize the level and trends of political support in Estonia based on the first four dimensions, using recent survey data. The principal source of information is the survey entitled Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008, commissioned by the State Chancellery, and conducted in March–April 2008. Consensus regarding the definition of political community Democracy assumes the existence of a demos: before it is possible to determine the will of the majority, it is necessary to define the citizenry, i.e. the people constituting the “nation” in the political sense of the word. In 2007 Estonia’s permanent population fell into the following categories: 83% were citizens of the Republic of Estonia, 9% were stateless and 8% had foreign citizenship. The total number of stateless individuals has decreased from 172,000 people in 2002 to less than 111,000 at the end of 2008 (State Chancellery 2008a). At the same time, existing studies show that the acquisition of citizenship does not guarantee the development of a “we-feeling” that transcends ethnic boundaries. The findings of Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008 indicate that while the majority of Estonians feel that they are part of the Estonian nation in the constitutional sense, this opinion is shared by only half of the Russian-speaking population as a whole and two-thirds of Russian-speaking Estonian citizens. The percentage of the Russian-speaking population who identify with the Estonian people has significantly decreased during the last year (see Table 4.4.1.). Comparing the answers by age group offers some support to the hope that the ethnic gap in the attitudes of the Estonian population will decrease with time. According to the findings of Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008, young Russian-speaking Estonian residents are noticeably more convinced of their affiliation with the Estonian people than their older compatriots. While 49% of the respondents in the 50–74-year-old age group and 51% of the 30–49-year- Table 4.4.1. Self-assessed membership in the Estonian nation, 2005–2008 Yes No Not sure Estonians All Russian-speaking respondents Estonian citizens Russian citizens Stateless 2005 99 74 * * * 2007 99 68 80 54 59 2008 92 52 67 42 34 2005 0 22 * * * 2007 0 17 9 26 24 2008 4 31 20 38 42 2005 1 4 * * * 2007 1 12 11 20 17 2008 4 17 13 9 24 Data: 2002: University of Tartu survey Mina. Maailm. Meedia; 2007: Ethnic relations and challenges for integration policies after the Bronze Solder crisis”, Office of the Minister of Population and Ethnic Affairs / Saar Poll; Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008. Source: Marju Lauristin, “Kodanikud ja mittekodanikud”, Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008. 22 The execution of the research work reflected in the article has been supported within the framework of grant project 6212 of the Estonian Science Foundation (“Režiimitoetus uutes demokraatiates: Balti andmestik 1993–2004”). 91 |
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Estonian Human Development Report
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
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Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
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CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
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Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
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Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
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to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
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Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
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12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
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Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
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Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
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1.4. The gross domestic product and
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Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
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1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
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2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
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Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
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Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
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Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
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Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
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Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
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Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
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Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
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6.5. Cities as development engines
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Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
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have been underfinanced or are not
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Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
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Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
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Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
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Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
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Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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Estonian Human Development Report A
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