Estonian Human Development Report

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assessments of the Soviet-era and current economic systems among Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians 1993–2004 (percentage of positive assessments) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Estonian former Estonian current Latvian former Latvian current Source: Rose & Maley 1994; Rose 1997b, 2000, 2005b Lithuanian former 1993 1996 2000 2004 Lithuanian current Figure 4.3.2. Changes in the assessments of the Soviet-era and current political regime among Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians 1993–2004 (percentage of positive assessments) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Estonian former Estonian current Latvian former Latvian current 1993 1996 2000 2004 Source: Rose & Maley 1994; Rose 1997b, 2000, 2005b Lithuanian former Lithuanian current The Soviet-era political system is given a lower rating than the economic system in all three Baltic countries. However, here too differences are apparent between the attitudes of Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians. Estonians (like Czechs) have attracted attention in all surveys with significantly more positive assessments of the new governmental organization (see Zapf et al. 2002; Rose 2005a). The Latvians’ assessments of the former and current regimes are more equivalent. In 1995–2001, the Lithuanians even assessed the Communist regime more positively, and only in 2004 did the current regime receive a more positive assessment (Figure 4.3.2.). Comparing the assessments of the Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians with the Russian-speaking minorities in these countries regarding both economic changes and the political regime, we see the persistence of significant differences throughout the transition period (see Table 4.3.1.). While Estonians have very clearly shown their preference for the new political order in all surveys since 1993, the local Russians have rated both the Soviet-era economic system and political regime more positively than the current ones in all surveys (Figure 4.3.3.). However, the difference in the assessments has been much smaller in Estonia than in Latvia, where the differences in the assessments of the Latvians and the local Russian-speaking population have been the greatest. In Lithuania, on the other hand, the assessments of the Lithuanians and non-Lithuanians have been the most uniform. At the same time, one can see that with the years the differences in the assessments of the indigenous people and minorities have decreased in all the Baltic countries and percentage of those rating the new political system more positively than the former system has also increased among the Russian-speaking population (see Rose 1997a, 2002, 2005; Ehin 2007). From the middle of the 1990s until the spring of 2007, Estonian society gradually equalized its attitudes. “Both Estonians and the members of other ethnicities assessed many of the phenomena of Estonian life uniformly. The socio-political and economic background of non-Estonians was predominantly positive.” (Saar 2007: 47). Andrus Saar’s conclusion regarding the equalization of assessments among Estonians and non-Estonians generally confirms the results of the Mina. Maailm. Meedia survey organized by the University of Tartu Institute of Journalism and Communication at the end of 2002 and 2005. Although significant differences appeared in orientations as well as specific attitudes in both 2002 and 2005 (see Kalmus, Lauristin & Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt 2004; Lauristin 2007; Vihalemm & Kalmus 2008), we noticed some convergence in the assessments of Estonians and non-Estonians regarding changes: in 2005, among both Estonian and Russian-speaking respondents there were many more people who were pleased rather than saddened by the changes in society. We see a totally different trend in the results from the survey conducted in September–October 2008, where the number of Russian speakers who were happy about the social changes was smaller and the number of those saddened was larger than in 2005 and 2002 (Figure 4.3.1. and Table 4.3.2.). Our survey results confirm the conclusion that has been repeatedly brought forth by research results and actual observation – the events of April 2007 have returned Estonia to the situation where the Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking collective bodies are very different. This contrast was very apparent in the answers to the questions posed in the course of the Integration monitoring survey conducted in April 2008 regarding assessments of the changes in Estonia during the last three years (Table 4.3.2.). However, the comparison of age groups demonstrates that despite the protest-mindedness that has manifested itself among young people, Russian-speaking young people in the majority are more at home in Estonian society, and in a similar manner to Estonians, are predominantly positive about what is happening in the country. | 88
Table 4.3.1. Comparison of the assessments given to the new and old economic and political systems by ethnic majorities and Russian-speaking minorities in the Baltic countries Estonia Ethnic majority 1993 1996 2004 Russianspeaking minority Difference (e-r) Ethnic majority Russianspeaking minority Difference (e-r) Ethnic majority Russianspeaking minority Former economic system 53 76 23 48 79 31 57 80 23 Current economic system 43 41 -2 69 55 -14 81 74 -7 Former political regime 32 65 22 22 67 45 38 74 36 Difference (e-r) Current political regime 58 50 -8 69 49 -20 76 64 -12 Latvia Former economic system 59 75 16 74 86 12 49 75 26 Current economic system 21 24 3 22 19 -3 51 47 -4 Former political regime 36 66 30 41 67 26 31 59 28 Current political regime 43 9 -34 37 30 -7 49 43 -6 Lithuania Former economic system 75 84 9 76 81 5 69 83 14 Current economic system 22 33 11 25 32 7 73 73 0 Former political regime 46 66 20 43 59 16 50 72 22 Current political regime 46 58 12 37 42 5 69 67 -2 Source: Rose 1997a, 2002, 2005 Figure 4.3.3. Dynamics of the differences (v-p) in the assessments of the former and current social order by ethnic majority and Russian-speaking minority in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Former economic system Estonia Current economic system Former political regime Current political regime Former economic system Latvia Current economic system Former political regime Current political regime Former economic system Lithuania Current economic system Former political regime Current political regime -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: R. Rose’s data 1993 1996 2004 89 |
Page 1 and 2:
Estonian Human Development Report
Page 3 and 4:
Estonian Human Development Report T
Page 5:
4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
Page 9:
Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
Page 18 and 19:
to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
Page 22 and 23:
12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
Page 24 and 25:
Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
Page 26 and 27:
Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
Page 28 and 29:
1.4. The gross domestic product and
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
Page 32 and 33:
1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
Page 34 and 35:
2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
Page 36 and 37:
Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51: dren. The majority of services are
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
Page 54 and 55: 2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59: Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
Page 60 and 61: Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
Page 66 and 67: Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
Page 76 and 77: Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
Page 80 and 81: Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
Page 88 and 89: Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demograp
Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
Page 94 and 95: olds considered themselves to be pa
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
Page 98 and 99: Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
Page 116 and 117: Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
Page 118 and 119: Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
Page 120 and 121: Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
Page 126 and 127: 5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
Page 128 and 129: Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
Page 140 and 141:
References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
Page 142 and 143:
Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
Page 144 and 145:
Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
Page 146 and 147:
Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
Page 150 and 151:
6.5. Cities as development engines
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
Page 154 and 155:
have been underfinanced or are not
Page 156 and 157:
Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
Page 158 and 159:
Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
Page 160 and 161:
Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
Page 162 and 163:
Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
Page 164 and 165:
Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
Page 166 and 167:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 168 and 169:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
Page 174 and 175:
Estonian Human Development Report P
Page 176 and 177:
Estonian Human Development Report A
Page 178:
show all

Estonian Human Development Report

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?