Estonian Human Development Report

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demographic characterization of life satisfaction in Estonia and Europe Ethnic minority Life satisfaction among the European population (%) Life satisfaction among the Estonian population (%) Strength of the association (Cramer’s V)* Low Average High Low Average High Europe Estonia Yes 9 7 4 42 35 19 0.076 0.209 No 92 93 96 58 65 81 Basic 75 71 59 75 68 57 0.110 0.112 Education Secondary 22 26 38 23 30 39 Higher 3 3 4 1 3 6 Gender Man 40 43 51 40 42 47 0.097 0.064 Woman 61 57 49 60 58 53 –24 14 17 14 16 17 22 0.130 0.153 25–34 13 15 19 12 12 18 Age 35–44 15 17 23 15 14 20 45–54 18 17 21 18 19 19 55–65 22 20 17 19 18 14 66– 18 14 7 20 20 7 Citizen of the country Existence of salaried employment Marital status Yes 96 96 96 64 77 88 0.006 0.228 No 4 4 4 36 23 12 Yes 33 45 74 38 50 75 0.352 0.301 No 67 56 26 62 50 25 Married 48 50 54 41 44 45 0.102 0.124 Single 21 27 29 25 29 38 Other 31 23 17 33 27 16 * The Cramer’s V coefficient in the table shows the strength of the association between life satisfaction and individual socio-demographic variables. The coefficient value varies between 0 and 1, 0 indicates the lack of association and 1 the existence of a strong association between the variables. All the associations shown in the table are statistically significant. Source: European Social Survey 2006 Annex 4.2.2. Social integration of Estonia’s minority and majority ethnicities (average percentages of 25 countries in parentheses) Ethnic minorities, incl. All 15–29-year-olds 30–49-year-olds 50–75-year-olds High level of interest in politics* 33 (40) 26 (33) 24 (43) 41 (43) High level of social capital** 22 (40) 41 (55) 16 (33) 13 (26) Trust in institutions*** 10 (15) 63 (58) 56 (56) 46 (49) Experienced discrimination**** 40 (26) 35 (29) 49 (31) 38 (19) Ethnic majorities, incl. High level of interest in politics 45 (47) 30 (34) 45 (47) 51 (55) High level of social capital 29 (41) 56 (61) 25 (39) 17 (32) Trust in institutions 21 (22) 74 (69) 63 (70) 54 (65) * Very interested and quite interested have been added together. ** Very high social capital index value (meets frequently with friends, relatives, co-workers; has someone to discuss personal affairs with; compared to contemporaries and participates often in social activities). *** Very high trust index value (trust in the parliament, legal system, police, politicians, political parties, European Parliament and UN). **** Very high perceived discrimination index value (has encountered discrimination based on skin colour or race, ethnicity, religion, ethnicity or spoken language). Source: European Social Survey 2006 | 86
References 1. Bajekal, M.,; Blane, D., Grewal, I., Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J. (2004). “Ethnic Differences in Influences on Quality of Life at Older Ages: a Quantitative Analysis” – Ageing & Society, 24: 1, pp. 709–728. 2. Kasearu, K., Trumm, A.(2008). “Eestlaste ja mitte-eestlaste aineline olukord ja eluga rahulolu”, Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008. http://www.rahvastikuminister. ee/?id=12051 3. Korts, K., Vihalemm, T. (2008). Rahvustevahelised suhted, kontaktid ja meie-tunne. „Integratsiooni monitooring 2008”, http://www.rahvastikuminister.ee/?id=12051 4. Lackland, S., D. (1998). “Predicting Life Satisfaction among Adolescents from Immigrant Families in Norway – Ethnicity & Health, 3: 1/2, pp. 5–19. 5. Lauristin, M. (2008). Kodanikud ja mittekodanikud” Integration of Estonian Society: Monitoring 2008. http://www.rahvastikuminister.ee/?id=12051 6. Masso, A.(2009, being published). “Readiness to Accept Immigrants in Europe? Individual and Country Level Characteristics” – Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35: 2. 7. Mata, F. (2002). “A Look at Life Satisfaction and Ethnicity in Canada” – Canadian Ethnic Studies, 34: 1, pp. 51–63. 8. Verkuyten, M. (1989). “The Impact of Ethnic and Sex Differences on Happiness among Adolescents in the Netherlands” – Journal of Social Psychology, 126: 2, pp. 259–261. 4.3. Evaluation on social changes among Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian ethnic majorities and Russian-speaking minorities Directed by Prof Richard Rose, regular public opinion surveys have been conducted in all Europe’s post-Communist countries since 1991, which include multi-faceted assessments of the social changes. The respondents have been asked to provide evaluations of the economic system and political regime under the former (Soviet-era) and current systems and the system that will exist in the future, probably in five years. These studies (the New Baltic Barometer) have been organized six times in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: September–October 1993, April 1995, November 1996, March 2000, October 2001, November–December 2004 (Rose & Maley 1994; Rose 1995, 1997b, 2000, 2002, 2005b). The surveys show that Estonians have assessed the changes in society significantly more positively than their southern neighbours. In 1993, the Estonians gave the new economic system a lower rating than the Soviet-era system. In 1995, the assessments of the old and new system were equal, and since 1996, the new economic system has been clearly rated more positively than the former system; the new system received positive evaluations from 70– 80% of Estonians. Among Latvians, and especially Lithuanians, the number of people giving the new economic system positive assessments in 1993–2000 was many times smaller than the number of those who gave positive assessments to the Soviet-era economic system. In 2001, the assessment of Latvians, and in 2004, the assessment of Lithuanians equalized between the former and new economic systems. The assessment of the current economic system can at least partially be explained by economic results – in 1991– 1994, there were great economic difficulties in the Baltic countries and other transition states; as of 1995 the situation started to improve. Although the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) has not been significantly greater in Estonia than in Latvia or Lithuania, the assessments of the new economic system were much higher in Estonia. As of 2004, the Lithuanians’ assessments were comparable to those of the Estonians. At the same time, the Latvians’ assessments of the new economic system remained quite modest even in 2004, after several years of successful GDP growth. The positive attitude prevailing in Estonia is all the more surprising since, compared to its southern neighbours, Estonia has been considered a country that carried out extreme liberalization, and a representative along with Poland of the most radical “shock therapy” in all of Eastern and Central Europe, i.e. rapid and radical market economy reforms (Aslund 2002, 2007). This highlights the fact that public opinion assessments are based not only on the so-called factual situation, but also on the interpretive schemes that dominate the society, including the media. Comparing the opinions and assessments that are popular in Estonia with those of other post-Communist societies, social scientists point to the widespread acceptance of the liberal success ideology, or the so-called post-Communist transition culture, not only by Estonians but also by local Russian-speaking population. Transition ideology traditionally interprets the appreciation of personal and competitive success as a natural development characteristic of the new age (Kennedy 2002). It is thought that the popularity of understandings promoting neo-liberalism and individual consumption among the population has been one of the important factors in Estonia’s rapid economic success (Feldmann 2007). The assessment of the new economic system shown in Figure 4.3.1., as well as the significantly lower assessments for the former system, can be viewed as the widespread acceptance of success ideology. The assessments of Estonia as a successful reform country are also complemented by the Estonians’ most positive assessment of the new political system (Figure 4.3.2.). 87 |
Page 1 and 2:
Estonian Human Development Report
Page 3 and 4:
Estonian Human Development Report T
Page 5:
4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
Page 9:
Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
Page 18 and 19:
to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
Page 22 and 23:
12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
Page 24 and 25:
Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
Page 26 and 27:
Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
Page 28 and 29:
1.4. The gross domestic product and
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
Page 32 and 33:
1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
Page 34 and 35:
2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
Page 36 and 37:
Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51: dren. The majority of services are
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
Page 54 and 55: 2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59: Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
Page 60 and 61: Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
Page 66 and 67: Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
Page 76 and 77: Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
Page 80 and 81: Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
Page 94 and 95: olds considered themselves to be pa
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
Page 98 and 99: Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
Page 116 and 117: Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
Page 118 and 119: Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
Page 120 and 121: Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
Page 126 and 127: 5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
Page 128 and 129: Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
Page 138 and 139:
Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
Page 140 and 141:
References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
Page 142 and 143:
Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
Page 144 and 145:
Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
Page 146 and 147:
Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
Page 148 and 149:
Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
Page 150 and 151:
6.5. Cities as development engines
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
Page 154 and 155:
have been underfinanced or are not
Page 156 and 157:
Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
Page 158 and 159:
Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
Page 160 and 161:
Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
Page 162 and 163:
Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
Page 164 and 165:
Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
Page 166 and 167:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 168 and 169:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
Page 174 and 175:
Estonian Human Development Report P
Page 176 and 177:
Estonian Human Development Report A
Page 178:
show all

Estonian Human Development Report

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?