Estonian Human Development Report

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Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related quality of life in old age. Concepts, models, and empirical findings. New York: Springer: 153–167. 11. Saks K., Tiit E.-M., Käärik E. (2000) Eesti eakate elanike toimetuleku- ja terviseuuring 2000 [Study of the Coping and Health of Estonia’s Elderly], (http://www.egga.ee/) 12. TALSINKI study 2004. Manuscript. 13. Tiit E.-M., Leppik L., Võrk A., Leetmaa R. (2004) Euroopa Liidu ühiste pensionieesmärkide mõju Eesti pensionisüsteemile. [The Effect of the Common Pension Goals of the European Union on the Estonian Pension System], (http://www.sm.ee/est/HtmlPages/pensioniuurimus_2004/) 14. Tiit, E-M., Saks K. Tartu seenioriuuring 2002. [Study of Tartu Seniors 2002], https://tartu.ee/index.php?page_id=58&lang_ id=1&menu_id=6&lotus_url=/uurimused.nsf/Web/teemad/C 6372FBF01167434C2256BD800416DC7. 23.10.2008. 15. Vaarama, M., Tiit, E.-M. (2008) Quality of life in older homecare clients. (eds) M Vaarama, R. Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care. related quality of life in old age. Concepts, models, and empirical findings. New York: Springer: 168–195. 16. WHOQOL group (1998) Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BFER quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551–558. 3.7. Quality of life in Estonia in the European context Estonia’s fast economic growth during the 2000s has significantly improved Estonia’s ranking among European countries in terms of GDP per capita. While in 1997, Estonia’s GDP per capita constituted 41.8% of the EU average, placing Estonia 23 rd among EU member states and candidate countries (ahead of only Latvia and Lithuania), in 2007 the corresponding figure had risen to 70.6% (20 th among EU countries, behind only Slovenia and the Czech Republic among Central and Eastern European member states). Meanwhile, satisfaction and happiness studies indicate that general satisfaction with life is low in Estonia and we lag behind most European countries in international comparisons. Quality of society and individual quality of life. In terms of studying quality of life, it is important to understand the nature of the individual and social factors that affect individual quality of life. Several authors (Veenhoven 1999; Böhnke 2004; Delhey 2004) have concluded that individual quality of life is related to the general quality of the society, i.e. its livability. The livability of a society is influenced by many different factors. The quality of a society is indicated by its sustainability (conservation of natural and human capital) and social coherence (closeness and strength of bonds between social groups, the avoidance of all types of social exclusion, inequality and alienation; general security, solidarity and trust). Indexes of individual and social quality of life were developed in order to measure the current level of the Estonian society and the quality of life of its population in the context of European countries. The individual quality of life index was compiled proceeding from Allardt’s (1993) approach to well-being. Six indicators based on the 2006 European Social Survey data were included in the individual quality of life index. These indicators were material satisfaction, job satisfaction, assessment of the security of one’s living environment, assessment of one’s state of health, self-assessment (am optimistic about future + have a positive self-image), and whether or not one has the opportunity to discuss personal and intimate issues with someone. The quality of society index comprises a total of nine indicators. The economic means of the society are defined through purchasing power parity-adjusted per capita GDP compared to the EU average, while the situation of the country’s labour market is characterized by the overall level of unemployment. The relative poverty level is used as an indicator of income inequality (60% of the median equivalent income). The objective state of the health of members of a society is measured by the average expectancy of a healthy life in the given country, while the social security system is defined through the relative importance of social expenditures in the GDP. The educational situation is expressed by the number of people aged 18–24 who are not participating in the educational system (are not studying). The physical security of the country as a living environment is indicated by the number of homicides for every 100,000 inhabitants. Solidarity between members of the society is measured through two indicators (trust in people and the tendency to help others). The quality of a society is also characterized by the satisfaction of the people with their government, the economic situation and the functioning of democracy (these indicators are combined in the institutional satisfaction sub-index). All indicators have been included in the index at equal weights. The data were weighed according to the comparative technique used in calculating the UN Human Development Index, according to which the index value is determined by comparing a country’s indicator with the minimum and maximum values of the given indicator. The index compiled according to this method varies from zero to one, with a value of 0 being attributed to the country where the given indicator is the lowest and the value of 1 to a country where the indicator is the highest (for example, our society’s wealth sub-index value of 0.11 indicates that Estonia’s per capita GDP is 11% higher than the per capita GDP of the country with the lowest corresponding indicator (Poland) and 89% lower than that of the country with the highest corresponding indicator (Norway)). The composite index of individual and social quality of life consists of the arithmetic mean of the values of the subindexes. The sub-index values of the individual quality of life index and the quality of society index have been presented in Tables 3.7.1. and 3.7.2. Estonia in the context of Europe. Estonia lies among the countries with the lowest quality of life in Europe both in terms of individual quality of life and social quality of life, outpacing only Latvia in the case of quality of society and both Latvia and Slovakia in the case of individual quality of life (Figure 3.7.1.). All other Central and Eastern European countries (excluding Slovenia) and Portugal belong to the same group of countries as Estonia. The | 78
Table 3.7.1. Values of sub-indexes characterizing individual quality of life in European countries, 2006 Country Material situation Job satisfaction Source: European Social Survey 2006 (authors’ calculations). Satisfaction with personal security Assessment of one’s state of health Social relationships Quality of life index Denmark 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.92 0.83 0.78 0.90 Norway 0.85 0.67 1.00 0.91 0.60 0.79 0.80 Cyprus 0.61 0.87 0.78 0.94 1.00 0.37 0.76 Sweden 0.84 0.63 0.73 0.89 0.64 0.81 0.76 Finland 0.76 0.82 0.80 0.61 0.66 0.67 0.72 Austria 0.69 0.65 0.55 0.88 0.83 0.47 0.68 Ireland 0.70 0.51 0.21 1.00 0.76 0.71 0.65 The Netherlands 0.73 0.54 0.36 0.61 0.37 0.83 0.57 Belgium 0.74 0.72 0.41 0.74 0.26 0.49 0.56 Slovenia 0.47 0.52 0.68 0.30 0.65 0.66 0.55 Spain 0.63 0.44 0.45 0.42 0.49 0.88 0.55 Germany 0.53 0.18 0.40 0.44 0.57 0.99 0.52 United Kingdom 0.69 0.23 0.08 0.76 0.38 0.70 0.47 France 0.50 0.22 0.45 0.53 0.02 0.36 0.35 Poland 0.34 0.18 0.32 0.34 0.25 0.50 0.32 Portugal 0.28 0.22 0.33 0.03 0.16 0.52 0.26 Hungary 0.17 0.37 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.24 ESTONIA 0.27 0.17 0.00 0.13 0.52 0.29 0.23 Slovakia 0.35 0.00 0.04 0.43 0.31 0.21 0.22 Latvia 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.30 0.48 0.00 0.17 Table 3.7.2. Values of sub-indexes characterizing quality of society in European countries, 2006 GDP per capita Subjective selfassessment Unemployment rate Relative poverty Expectancy of healthy life Source: Eurostat and European Social Survey 2006 (authors’ calculations). Social expenditure % in GDP Education Security Solidarity Satisfaction with institutions Quality of society Norway 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.79 0.55 0.98 0.98 0.87 0.75 0.87 The Netherlands 0.59 0.96 1.00 0.77 0.90 0.77 0.94 0.58 0.70 0.80 Denmark 0.55 0.96 0.85 1.00 0.89 0.83 0.96 1.00 0.95 0.89 Austria 0.56 0.88 0.77 0.47 0.86 0.87 0.98 0.58 0.58 0.73 Sweden 0.54 0.66 0.85 0.74 0.98 0.80 0.93 0.83 0.67 0.78 Ireland 0.71 0.90 0.38 0.74 0.32 0.79 0.84 0.52 0.68 0.65 Slovenia 0.28 0.76 0.85 0.44 0.56 1.00 1.00 0.49 0.40 0.64 Finland 0.48 0.60 0.77 0.11 0.74 0.91 0.75 0.78 0.88 0.67 Cyprus 0.30 0.89 0.54 0.47 0.33 0.68 0.80 0.23 0.79 0.56 France 0.44 0.45 0.77 0.72 1.00 0.79 0.87 0.39 0.25 0.63 Belgium 0.51 0.54 0.62 0.64 0.95 0.78 0.83 0.49 0.56 0.66 United Kingdom 0.50 0.82 0.31 0.77 0.75 0.77 0.86 0.51 0.39 0.63 Germany 0.46 0.39 0.77 0.27 0.87 0.74 0.95 0.58 0.30 0.59 ESTONIA 0.11 0.77 0.38 0.00 0.01 0.76 0.00 0.31 0.49 0.32 Hungary 0.09 0.62 0.54 0.16 0.53 0.79 0.82 0.12 0.00 0.41 Spain 0.39 0.52 0.23 0.72 0.46 0.27 0.92 0.35 0.57 0.49 Portugal 0.17 0.59 0.38 0.41 0.70 0.00 0.87 0.01 0.16 0.36 Slovakia 0.08 0.05 0.85 0.30 0.20 0.96 0.83 0.27 0.44 0.44 Latvia 0.01 0.68 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.59 0.05 0.19 0.14 0.20 Poland 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.75 0.37 0.99 0.89 0.14 0.16 0.40 analysis revealed the country with the highest quality of life to be Denmark where all indicators related to the quality of life were equally high. Denmark was followed by Norway, Sweden, Finland and Austria. The fact that all Nordic countries rank at the top of the quality of life index is probably not incidental and attests to the sustainability and effectiveness of their chosen structure of society. The interesting fact that a large gap exists between countries with a low quality of life and countries with a high quality of life serves as evidence not only of the difference in the 79 |
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Estonian Human Development Report
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
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Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
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CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
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Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
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Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
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to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
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Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
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12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
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Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
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Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
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1.4. The gross domestic product and
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Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
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Page 48 and 49: Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51: dren. The majority of services are
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Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59: Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
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Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
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Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
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Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
Page 76 and 77: Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
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Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
Page 94 and 95: olds considered themselves to be pa
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
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Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
Page 116 and 117: Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
Page 118 and 119: Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
Page 120 and 121: Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
Page 126 and 127: 5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
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Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
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Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
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Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
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Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
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Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
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References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
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Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
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Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
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Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
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Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
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6.5. Cities as development engines
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Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
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have been underfinanced or are not
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Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
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Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
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Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
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Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
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Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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Estonian Human Development Report A
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