Estonian Human Development Report
Estonian Human Development Report - Eesti Koostöö Kogu
Estonian Human Development Report - Eesti Koostöö Kogu
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<strong>Estonian</strong> foreign and internal migration<br />
in the European context<br />
According to data from the European statistical centre<br />
Eurostat, the net migration of the European Union (along<br />
with Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) is positive; in 1998–<br />
2008, almost 1.5 million new residents have moved into this<br />
region. Intra-European migration has been fairly variable<br />
from year to year, although here too one encounters difficulties<br />
securing correct information: typically emigration<br />
data is greatly underreported, because peoples’ departures<br />
from a country are not checked, while immigration data is<br />
more precise in connection with the formalization of residence<br />
and work permits. Inevitably, only official migration<br />
data (PR for us) is used in international comparisons, and<br />
therefore in Estonia’s case, the Eurostat data differs somewhat<br />
from the more precise Statistics Estonia data.<br />
Spain and Ireland have been the countries with the largest<br />
immigration, where the average net foreign migration<br />
per year is over one percent; the same applies to Luxembourg<br />
and Cyprus. There has also been large immigration<br />
into Italy. At the end of the 1990s, the net migration was<br />
negative (e.g. in Bulgaria and Romania even 2.5% in 2001)<br />
in the majority of transition countries (except for Hungary),<br />
but migration balances have been restored in recent years<br />
(at least based on official data) (Figure 1.2.10.). Slovenia and<br />
the Czech Republic are notable for their positive development;<br />
based on Eurostat data, Estonia’s foreign migration is<br />
almost balanced, while the net foreign migration of Lithuania,<br />
Poland and Latvia continue to be negative.<br />
It will probably not be possible to obtain reliable information<br />
about <strong>Estonian</strong> migration, as well as an evaluation of the<br />
entire <strong>Estonian</strong> population, until the next census is conducted<br />
in 2011. However, in order to achieve this, the census must<br />
definitely be conducted in the traditional manner, because the<br />
register data is too inexact for a register-based census. Furthermore,<br />
putting it in order is impossible without a census.<br />
Figure 1.2.10. The foreign migration balance of European transition countries 1998–2008<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
-5<br />
-10<br />
-15<br />
Bulgaria<br />
ESTONIA<br />
Lithuania<br />
Poland<br />
Slovenia<br />
Czech Republic<br />
Latvia<br />
Hungary<br />
Romania<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
2008<br />
Source: Eurostat<br />
References<br />
1. Anniste, K. (2009) “Eesti välisränne aastatel 2000–2007”. Ränne.<br />
Migration. 2000–2007. Eds. T. Tammaru, A. Tammur. Tallinn:<br />
Statistics Estonia p.50<br />
2. Bauer, K.T., Zimmermann, K.F. (1999) “Assessment of Possible<br />
Migration Pressure and Its Labour Market Impact Following<br />
EU Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe”. IZA Research<br />
<strong>Report</strong>, nr 3, Bonn.<br />
3. Forsander, A. (2003) “Inside or Outside Within? Immigrants in the<br />
Finnish Labor Market” Yearbook of Population Research in Finland<br />
XXXIX, 55–72.<br />
4. Herm, A. “Recent Migration Trends: Citizens of EU-27 Member<br />
States Become Ever More Mobile while EU Remains Attractive to<br />
Non-EU citizens. Population and Social Conditions”. Statistics in<br />
Focus 98/2008. Eurostat.<br />
5. Jõeveer, J. 2003. “Siserände vanuserisused”. Ränne üleminekuaja<br />
Eestis (eds. T. Tammaru ja H. Kulu). Statistics Estonia, pp. 28–47.<br />
6. Katus, K., Kupiszewski, M., Rees, P., Sakkeus, L., Herm, A. and<br />
Powell, D. 1999. “Internal Migration and Population Dynamics in<br />
Estonia”. EKDK Rahvastiku-uuringud, seeria B:3.<br />
7. Kulu, H. 2005. “Siseränne üleminekuajal: mitmetasandiline<br />
analüüs”. Asustus ja ränne Eestis: Uurimusi Ann Marksoo 75. sünnipäevaks.<br />
University of Tartu Publishers, pp 150–169.<br />
8. Kofman, E. (1999) “Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a Decade Later:<br />
Gender and Immigration in the European Union”, International<br />
Migration Review, 33(2): pp. 269–299.<br />
9. Krieger, H. (2004) “Migration Trends in an Enlarged Europe”.<br />
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working<br />
Conditions, p. 106.<br />
10. Leetmaa, K. 2004. “Eeslinnastumine Tallinna linnaregioonis sotsialismijärgsel<br />
perioodil”. Master’s thesis. Library of the Geography Institute.<br />
11. Marksoo, A. 1990. “Tallinn Eesti rahvarände süsteemis”. Eesti<br />
Geograafia Seltsi Aastaraamat, pp. 53–66.<br />
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