Estonian Human Development Report

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Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration events per year 39500 39000 38500 38000 37500 37000 Source: SE 2004 2005 2006 2007 Table 1.2.2. Distribution of immigrants by age groups (2004–2007) Source: SE 15–29 30–49 50+ 2004 37% 25% 14% 2005 31% 28% 17% 2006 31% 28% 15% 2007 31% 28% 14% Table 1.2.3. City-country migration directions 2004–2007 Source: SE To cities To the country Total From cities 27% 33% 60% From the country 25% 15% 40% Total 52% 48% 100% After 1991, the natural migration process started to recur. Urbanization occurred that followed a hierarchy of settlements, i.e. population converged from the country and the small cities to Tallinn and regional centres (in Estonia, the regional centres are the cities of Tartu, Pärnu, Jõhvi and Kohtla-Järve). In the internal movement in all the counties, suburbanization took place, i.e. relocation from the centres to the environs. The main destination for all Estonian migration in the 1990s was Tallinn and its suburbs (Tammaru et al 2003). Since 2000, suburbanization has intensified significantly (Leetmaa 2004). The most active migrants are young people (15–29-year-olds) and their migration clearly converges in the larger cities and their environs (Jõeveer 2003, Kulu 2005). Internal migration 2004–2007 During the four year period, 162,822 migration events that crossed the borders of settlement units occurred in internal migration. There was an average of 38,000 migration events per year (Figure 1.2.9.), i.e. the migration intensity was 114‰, or during four years eleven out of one hundred people in Estonia relocated to another settlement unit. In 1989–2000, only 17% of the population changed residences by crossing the borders of settlement units (Tammaru et al 2003). Thus one can say that the migration intensity was notably lower. The migration intensity of the various ethnic groups has differed. The majority of those who changed their residence were Estonian citizens (93%). The migration intensity of persons with undetermined or Russian citizenship was much smaller. The intensity of residence changes decreases as age increases (Table 1.2.2.). In the city-country migration direction, the movement from the city to the country attracts attention (Table 1.2.3.). During the reference period, this has resulted in the number of people living in rural municipalities increasing by 10,500 and the number of city residents decreasing by the same number. Overall, the population in 125 rural municipalities and 39 urban settlements has decreased, while it has increased in 62 rural municipalities and 17 cities. The primary migration destinations are the rural municipalities near Tallinn, where people from all over Estonia relocate, and the net migration coefficient there, and in the environs of Pärnu and Tartu, is also higher. In other places, people also relocate from cities to suburbs. Rural municipalities that are located further from cities and lie on the outskirts of counties have negative net migration as people either relocate to large cities or to rural municipalities that are near cities. The City of Paide and the remote rural municipalities of Pärnu County have the lowest net migration coefficients. The population of almost half the cities that are county centres has increased, and this is caused by greater emigration from remote areas. This process is occurring in Järva, Lääne-Viru and Valga Counties. Harju, Ida-Viru and Tartu counties stand out because in these counties the outskirts also benefit from population movement. Therefore we can assume that the suburbs of these centres are expanding (Tammur 2009). In the migration between counties, the greatest movement is to Harju County (39%), which is followed by Tartu County (15%) and Pärnu County (7%). Large cities like Kohtla-Järve, Tartu, Tallinn and Narva have lost the most people due to negative net migration. The majority of settlement units with negative net migration are county seats and small towns and rural municipalities located on the outskirts of the counties. Tallinn’s net migration has become negative during the period being examined. Positive net migration is experienced primarily by rural municipalities and satellite cities located in the suburbs of the centre. Due to active immigration, populations increased the most in the rural municipalities in the suburbs of Tallinn: Viimsi, Harku and Rae Rural Municipalities. The migration direction of various age groups differs. Young people aged 15–29 leave the outskirts of counties and their primary destination is Tallinn and its suburbs. People between the ages of 30 and 49 who are likely to have families leave the larger cities and relocate primarily to the suburbs of Tallinn or the regional centres. Older people relocate to areas outside all the larger cities – along with the vicinity of Tallinn, their preferred residential areas also include the outskirts of the counties (Tammur 2009). As far as the internal migration of Russian citizens is concerned, there are similarities as well as differences with the general trends. Similar to Estonian citizens, they relocate to larger cities and their suburbs, with many going to Tallinn. Unlike Estonian citizens, people with Russian and undetermined citizenship also have positive net migration in the outskirts of rural municipalities. People with undetermined and other citizenship have a negative net migration in Tallinn. | 18
Estonian foreign and internal migration in the European context According to data from the European statistical centre Eurostat, the net migration of the European Union (along with Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) is positive; in 1998– 2008, almost 1.5 million new residents have moved into this region. Intra-European migration has been fairly variable from year to year, although here too one encounters difficulties securing correct information: typically emigration data is greatly underreported, because peoples’ departures from a country are not checked, while immigration data is more precise in connection with the formalization of residence and work permits. Inevitably, only official migration data (PR for us) is used in international comparisons, and therefore in Estonia’s case, the Eurostat data differs somewhat from the more precise Statistics Estonia data. Spain and Ireland have been the countries with the largest immigration, where the average net foreign migration per year is over one percent; the same applies to Luxembourg and Cyprus. There has also been large immigration into Italy. At the end of the 1990s, the net migration was negative (e.g. in Bulgaria and Romania even 2.5% in 2001) in the majority of transition countries (except for Hungary), but migration balances have been restored in recent years (at least based on official data) (Figure 1.2.10.). Slovenia and the Czech Republic are notable for their positive development; based on Eurostat data, Estonia’s foreign migration is almost balanced, while the net foreign migration of Lithuania, Poland and Latvia continue to be negative. It will probably not be possible to obtain reliable information about Estonian migration, as well as an evaluation of the entire Estonian population, until the next census is conducted in 2011. However, in order to achieve this, the census must definitely be conducted in the traditional manner, because the register data is too inexact for a register-based census. Furthermore, putting it in order is impossible without a census. Figure 1.2.10. The foreign migration balance of European transition countries 1998–2008 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Bulgaria ESTONIA Lithuania Poland Slovenia Czech Republic Latvia Hungary Romania 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Eurostat References 1. Anniste, K. (2009) “Eesti välisränne aastatel 2000–2007”. Ränne. Migration. 2000–2007. Eds. T. Tammaru, A. Tammur. Tallinn: Statistics Estonia p.50 2. Bauer, K.T., Zimmermann, K.F. (1999) “Assessment of Possible Migration Pressure and Its Labour Market Impact Following EU Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe”. IZA Research Report, nr 3, Bonn. 3. Forsander, A. (2003) “Inside or Outside Within? Immigrants in the Finnish Labor Market” Yearbook of Population Research in Finland XXXIX, 55–72. 4. Herm, A. “Recent Migration Trends: Citizens of EU-27 Member States Become Ever More Mobile while EU Remains Attractive to Non-EU citizens. Population and Social Conditions”. Statistics in Focus 98/2008. Eurostat. 5. Jõeveer, J. 2003. “Siserände vanuserisused”. Ränne üleminekuaja Eestis (eds. T. Tammaru ja H. Kulu). Statistics Estonia, pp. 28–47. 6. Katus, K., Kupiszewski, M., Rees, P., Sakkeus, L., Herm, A. and Powell, D. 1999. “Internal Migration and Population Dynamics in Estonia”. EKDK Rahvastiku-uuringud, seeria B:3. 7. Kulu, H. 2005. “Siseränne üleminekuajal: mitmetasandiline analüüs”. Asustus ja ränne Eestis: Uurimusi Ann Marksoo 75. sünnipäevaks. University of Tartu Publishers, pp 150–169. 8. Kofman, E. (1999) “Female ‘Birds of Passage’ a Decade Later: Gender and Immigration in the European Union”, International Migration Review, 33(2): pp. 269–299. 9. Krieger, H. (2004) “Migration Trends in an Enlarged Europe”. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, p. 106. 10. Leetmaa, K. 2004. “Eeslinnastumine Tallinna linnaregioonis sotsialismijärgsel perioodil”. Master’s thesis. Library of the Geography Institute. 11. Marksoo, A. 1990. “Tallinn Eesti rahvarände süsteemis”. Eesti Geograafia Seltsi Aastaraamat, pp. 53–66. 19 |
Page 1 and 2: Estonian Human Development Report
Page 3 and 4: Estonian Human Development Report T
Page 5: 4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
Page 9: Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
Page 16 and 17: Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
Page 18 and 19: to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
Page 22 and 23: 12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
Page 24 and 25: Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
Page 28 and 29: 1.4. The gross domestic product and
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
Page 32 and 33: 1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
Page 34 and 35: 2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51: dren. The majority of services are
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
Page 54 and 55: 2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59: Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
Page 60 and 61: Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
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Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
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Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
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Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
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Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
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Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
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Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
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Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
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Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
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Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
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Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
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Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demograp
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Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
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Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
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olds considered themselves to be pa
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Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
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Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
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Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
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mote equal opportunities. At the (e
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CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
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Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
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Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
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Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
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Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
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Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
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Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
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Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
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Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
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Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
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Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
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5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
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Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
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Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
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Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
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Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
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Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
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Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
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References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
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Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
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Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
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Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
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Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
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6.5. Cities as development engines
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Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
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have been underfinanced or are not
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Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
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Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
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Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
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Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
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Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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Estonian Human Development Report A
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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Estonian Human Development Report

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