Estonian Human Development Report

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Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at birth of men and women 85 Women Men 80 75 70 65 Lithuania Latvia Estonia Source: Eurostat Bulgaria Hungary Romania Slovakia Poland Croatia Czech Republic Slovenia Portugal Finland Denmark Belgium Luxembourg Malta United Kingdom Germany Greece Austria Ireland France Spain The Netherlands Italy Norway Cyprus Sweden Switzerland Iceland Figure 1.2.3. Life expectancy of men, women and the entire population at birth 80 75 70 65 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Men Women Estonia Source: SE Figure 1.2.4. Life expectancy in Estonian regions 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Source: SE Northern Estonia Central Estonia Northeastern Estonia Western Estonia Southern Estonia Men 68.75 67.06 62.21 67.55 68.06 Women 78.22 77.48 76.04 78.77 79.21 Estonia 72.82 72.82 72.82 72.82 72.82 men in Latvia and Lithuania die earlier than in Estonia (Figure 1.2.2.). In 2004, the life expectancy at birth in the 27 European Union member states was 75.2 years for men and 81.5 for women, while in Estonia it was 66.3 years for men and 77.8 for women in the same year. The reasons for Estonia’s low average life expectancy are covered in chapter 2 of this Human Development Report. The situation is only slightly better among women. In the European Union, in addition to Latvia and Lithuania, the life expectancy of women is shorter than in Estonia only in Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary. The life expectancy of Estonian women has increased by three months per year over several years, while among men, the growth has been limited to one month per year; there have also been setbacks. The difference between the life expectancy at birth of Estonian men and women (almost 11 years) is among the largest in the world. The difference has also not decreased during the last few years (Figure 1.2.3.). Great differences in life expectancy are related to ethnicity. The average life span of Estonian men is longer and has increased faster than that of men of other ethnicities (Russian-speaking). This also appears as a regional difference, see Figure 1.2.4., where, in Northeast-Estonia with a predominantly Russian-speaking population (79% of men and 81% of women have non-Estonian ethnicity), the life expectancy for men is 5–6 years shorter than elsewhere in Estonia and 2 years shorter for women. The differences caused by education and income are also considerable, but all these reasons have less effect on mortality than do the differences based on gender and ethnicity. Glimpse of the future. Changes in population Currently, no European country has a total fertility rate that would achieve a recovery level, the value of which is about 2.1. However, in most countries natural population growth is still positive, one of the reasons being the constant extension of life expectancy. Another effect in most European countries is that population structures have developed historically, where older generations (with the most deaths) are smaller on average than younger generations thanks to earlier demographic development. Therefore there are fewer deaths than births, even when fertility is relatively low. This is the situation in Spain, for instance. From Figure 1.2.5. we can conclude that the Central and East European transition countries can expect the greatest population decreases during the next half century. The first reason is the low fertility during the last | 14
Figure 1.2.5. Predictable population change 2010—2060 (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 Bulgaria Latvia Lithuania Source: Eurostat Romania Poland Slovakia Estonia Germany Hungary Slovenia Czech Republic Malta Greece Italy The Netherlands Finland Portugal Denmark Austria Belgium Spain France Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Norway Ireland Luxembourg ten-fifteen years. In addition, most of these countries have lower than average life expectancy, which, in other words, means relatively higher mortality. Thirdly, the demographic development of many of these countries has not occurred normally in the past; there have been forced migrations; the post-war baby boom did not occur, etc. All these factors are also significant in Estonia. However, the greatest risk compared to other countries is Estonia’s small population. Compared to some projections made by various international organizations in previous years, the projection shown in Figure 1.2.6. is relatively optimistic. Natural population growth in Estonia will probably soon approach zero, although the number of births will inevitably start to decrease again when the small generations that were born in 1994–2004 reach childbearing age. Figure 1.2.6. Estonian population projection 1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 Source: Eurostat Despite the gloom of this projection, one must remember that the Estonian population was no larger at the time the Estonian state was created. External and internal migration in Estonia Changes in the distribution and composition of regional population play a great role in migration in today’s mobile world. Migration affects the domestic distribution of population as well as the decrease or increase of the population in the country as a whole. Births and deaths often have less impact on the total population and its structure than migration. However, migration may affect the fertility and mortality indicators, since it is young people and people old enough to have families who are most likely to relocate, and their arrival or departure from a region significantly affects other population processes. For Estonia, the current negative emigration balance is worrying; it is important to know where and how may Estonian residents have emigrated and how many will return to Estonia. Internal migration has been dominated by a trend to relocate to Tallinn and its environs, although the environs of other larger centres have also expanded. Regions far from population centres have emptied of population. Definitions, data and method Migration is a change in residence that crosses the boundaries of settlement units. International migration is defined as a change in an individual’s country of residence. A country of residence is a country where a person has lived for most of the last year or where a person plans to live for at least one year (United Nations 1998: 9). In the case of internal migration, the migration event is a change in residence that crosses the boundaries of towns, rural municipalities or urban settlements within a rural municipality. In order to describe migration, net migration (i.e. the difference between those arriving in and departing from the space unit being examined in 2004–2007), net migration coefficients (i.e. the ratio of the net migration to the average population in the unit during the period in thousands) and migration intensity (number of those changing residence per thousand persons living in the area being examined) are used. The data being used originates from Statistics Estonia, and its sources are the Population Register and the Citizenship and Migration Board (Tammur et al 2009), which are currently the only possible, but unfortunately not entirely reliable, information sources regarding migration. Studies show that almost one fifth of the residences listed for individuals in the Population Register do not correspond 15 |
Page 1 and 2: Estonian Human Development Report
Page 3 and 4: Estonian Human Development Report T
Page 5: 4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
Page 9: Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
Page 14 and 15: Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
Page 18 and 19: to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
Page 22 and 23: 12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
Page 24 and 25: Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
Page 26 and 27: Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
Page 28 and 29: 1.4. The gross domestic product and
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
Page 32 and 33: 1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
Page 34 and 35: 2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43: 2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51: dren. The majority of services are
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
Page 54 and 55: 2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59: Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
Page 60 and 61: Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
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Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
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Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
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Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
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Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
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Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
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Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
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Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
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Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
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Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
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Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
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Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
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Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demograp
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Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
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Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
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olds considered themselves to be pa
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Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
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Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
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Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
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mote equal opportunities. At the (e
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CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
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Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
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Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
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Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
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Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
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Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
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Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
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Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
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Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
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Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
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Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
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5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
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Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
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Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
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Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
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Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
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Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
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Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
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References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
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Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
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Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
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Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
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Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
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6.5. Cities as development engines
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Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
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have been underfinanced or are not
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Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
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Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
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Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
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Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
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Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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Estonian Human Development Report A
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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Estonian Human Development Report

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