Estonian Human Development Report

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Table 5.4.6. The perception of problems related to children and young people among Estonian residents (%) 1. The important position of parties and alcohol consumption in the lives of young people It bothers It does not Difficult me, I consider it a I consider to bother me, problem it normal say 68 9 23 2. Children meeting strange adults online 68 6 26 3. Children and young people looking at online pornography 4. Children and young people spend too much time online and playing computer games 5. New technologies (the Internet, mobile phones) allow children to bully each other 6. Rate.ee and other similar online environments play a very important role in young people’s lives 7. Various consumption opportunities and the availability of trendy items affect the relationships between young people 8. The media has a significant effect on the values and lifestyles of young people 9. Children and young people today spend too much time in shopping centres 10. Young people devote much attention on their own appearance and clothes as well as those of others 11. Young people today have a very positive self-esteem Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2008 66 6 27 60 24 16 52 8 40 44 20 36 41 19 40 39 20 40 35 24 41 27 48 24 19 34 47 technologies can be explained through the serious nature of the potential risks and their more vigorous recognition in public discourse during 2008. Estonian residents consider dangers related to children meeting strange adults online (68%) and looking at online pornography (66%) almost equally concerning. Similar problems related to new technologies also cause the most concern among the parents of children aged 6–17 in the European Union References 1. Buckingham, D. (2000) After the Death of Childhood: Growing up in the Age of Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2. Featherstone, M. (2007) Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. London: Sage. 3. Flash Eurobarometer 248 (2008) Towards a Safer Use of the Internet for Children in the EU: Draft Analytical Report. The Gallup Organisation upon the request of European Commission. 4. Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. (2008) Comparing Children’s Online Opportunities and Risks Across Europe: Cross-National Comparisons for EU Kids Online. London: EU Kids Online (Deliverable D3.2). 5. Järve, L. (2008) Eesti eelteismeliste ja teismeliste tarbimise analüüs uuringu “Noorte elustiil 2007” põhjal. Unpublished (Flash Eurobarometer 248 2008). It must be admitted, however, that Estonian parents are relatively carefree with regard to online risks concerning their own children: for example, 39% of Estonian parents with children aged 6–17 worry much or to some degree about their children falling victim to online grooming (the EU average is 60%; in France the level is 90%; Flash Eurobarometer 248 2008). The relative carelessness of Estonian residents regarding dangers related to new technologies is reflected by the low awareness of cyber-bullying between children, which can have very serious consequences: 40% of respondents do not have a clear opinion on the subject and 52% believe this phenomenon to be a problem. Young people are even less sensitive to the seriousness of the problem, with 38% of teenage respondents reporting that they are bothered by cyber-bullying, while 15% consider it normal. The lack of concern of Estonian parents regarding this issue stands out in the context of the European Union: while 33% of Estonian parents with children aged 6–17 are concerned about the possibility of their children being bullied online, the average level of concern in the EU is 54% and the level of concern in France is 83% (Flash Eurobarometer 248 2008). Estonian residents perceive phenomena caused by the consumer society as less of a problem for children and young people than the issues related to new technologies. For example, 41% of the respondents see the discords in young people’s relationships arising from the inequality of consumption opportunities and the potential teasing of less trendy individuals as a problem, while nearly as many respondents do not have a clear stance on this issue. Young people themselves consider the role of inequality in consumption opportunities as a factor affecting relationships as normal. This opinion is characteristic of 36% of respondents aged 15–19, while only a fourth of them see it as a problem. Attributing importance to appearance and clothes and therefore also consumption is becoming selfevident among young people: 48% of all respondents and the majority (58%) of teenagers consider it normal. Bachelor’s thesis. Tartu: University of Tartu, Institute of Sociology and Social Policy. 6. Kalmus, V., Keller, M. (2008) “Teen Consumption in Estonia: Brands, Consumerism and Sustainability.” In: Child and Teen Consumption 2008; Trondheim, Norway; 24-25 April 2008. Trondheim: Norwegian Centre for Child Research. 7. Livingstone, S. (2003) Children’s Use of the Internet: Reflections on the Emerging Research Agenda. New Media & Society, 5 (2), 147–166. 8. Livingstone S., Bober, M. (2004) UK Children Go Online: Surveying the Experiences of Young People and Their Parents. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. 9. Turu-uuringute AS (2006) Lapsed ja internet. September 2006. http://www.peremeedia.ee/public/LapsedInternetUuring.ppt | 122
5.5. General relationships between the indicators of the consumer and information society and the quality of life In this subchapter we will examine the relationships between one aspect of subjective well-being – satisfaction with life – and the aggregate indicators reflecting consumption and Internet use as well as orientations related to the consumer and information society. Figure 5.5.1. lists the relationships between people’s satisfaction with life and the indexes related to consumer and information society based on the correlation coefficients calculated on the basis of the entire sample of the 2008 Mina. Maailm. Meedia survey. We see that people’s assessment of their satisfaction with life is most strongly related to the index of financial prosperity, which measures the availability of money for various expenses, ranging from eating adequately to travelling and educating children. It can be concluded, therefore, that in the context of aspects of the consumer and information society, people’s subjective well-being is primarily dependent on their material consumption opportunities. The indicators related to Internet use, including frequency of Internet use (summated frequency of use at work / school, home and elsewhere) and versatility of Internet use (summary indicator of the relative importance of engagement in 22 different online activities), occupy important positions in the hierarchy of factors: the level of satisfaction with life is higher in the case of people who have more resources (opportunities, time and skills) for using the Internet in various ways. Among attitudinal indicators, consumption-related dissatisfaction has the strongest (and, as expected, negative) connection with people’s satisfaction with life. This perceived lack of opportunities for enjoying a healthy diet, and the insufficient selection of food and clothing have a negative effect on the general level of satisfaction with life. More hedonistic consumption orientations focused on lifestyles and self-expression, such as consumerism and attributing importance to brands 29 , have less of a connection with people’s assessment of their quality of life than the previously described consumption and Internet use indicators related to resources and daily life. Satisfaction with life is affected equally by consumerism and the tendency to value brands as well as people’s level of being informed regarding the events taking place in their immediate environment, Estonia, and the rest of the world. Orientations that are critical of consumer society and focus on the conservation of the environment as well as the opposite orientations 30 have a weaker connection to people’s assessment of their level of satisfaction with life. The strength of the relationships and their positive or negative nature vary considerably in terms of different age groups. The youngest generation of respondents (aged 15–29) differs from middle-aged and older respondents mainly with regard to the fact that several orientations related to consumer and information society, including versatile Internet use, consumerism, and attributing importance to brands, are so widespread among them that they are not related to the differences in satisfaction with life that appear within the group. The intra-generation differences in subjective well-being are reflected primarily in the variations regarding the availability of financial resources and activeness related to Internet use, as young people who are wealthier and use the Internet more frequently tend to be more satisfied with their lives. A higher level of criticism towards consumption opportunities and choices is also related to a lower level of satisfaction with life in the case of the youngest age group. Compared to middle-aged respondents, the relationships is even stronger. It is noteworthy that for the younger generation, satisfaction with life is connected to a lower level of concern regarding the Figure 5.5.1. Relationships between people’s level of satisfaction with life (5 – “completely satisfied” ... 1 – “not at all satisfied”) and indexes related to consumer and information society by age groups (Pearson correlation coefficients, p
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Estonian Human Development Report
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
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Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
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CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
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Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
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Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
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to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
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Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
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12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
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Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
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Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
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1.4. The gross domestic product and
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Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
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1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
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2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
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Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
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Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
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Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
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2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
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Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
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Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
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Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
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dren. The majority of services are
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Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
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2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
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CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
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Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
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Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
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Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
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Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
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Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
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Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
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Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
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Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
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Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
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Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
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Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
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Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
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Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
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Page 128 and 129: Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
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Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
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Page 154 and 155: have been underfinanced or are not
Page 156 and 157: Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
Page 158 and 159: Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
Page 160 and 161: Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
Page 162 and 163: Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
Page 164 and 165: Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Page 172 and 173: Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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