Estonian Human Development Report

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Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types of Internet users in terms of ten of the most popular online activities (differences compared to the average) Using an online banking solution Communicating with friends Active, versatile Internet user Entertainment oriented active Internet user Practical work oriented Internet user Practical information oriented small-scale Internet user Entertainment and communication oriented small-scale Internet user Small-scale Internet user -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 Searching for practical information (weather, timetables, contact information) Searching for information connected to work and studies Using e-services (tax board, forms, citizens’ portal, etc.) Searching for entertainment (games, music, films) Reading online newspapers and information portals (Delfi, etc.) Searching for information on jobs, accommodation, tourism, etc. Using online databases (libraries, data banks, etc.) Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2008 Figure 5.3.4. When did you last use the Internet? (percentage of user type) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Active, versatile Internet user 96 4 2 Entertainment oriented active Internet user 98 4 Practical work oriented Internet user 96 82 16 2 75 21 4 1 Practical information oriented small-scale Internet user Entertainment and communication oriented small-scale Internet user Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2008 Small-scale Internet user 39 43 14 4 All Internet users 84 12 2 1 Today, yesterday Last week Last month Last six months information and entertainment – have remained the same. It is important, however, that one or the other type of Internet use dominates in the case of individual respondents and there is evidence of the development of different practices of use. Types of Internet users In order to analyze the implementation of digital opportunities and to improve our understanding of the stratification, it is important to take a closer look at what people do on the Internet. We have gathered data on types of Internet users over a period of time dating back to the Mina. Maailm. Meedia survey conducted in 2002. The use of cluster analysis has revealed six main types of Internet users, which have remained relatively consistent over the course of various surveys. In general, the types can be divided into two – three types of more active Internet users, on the one hand (varied use, practical and pragmatic informationbased use, entertainment and communication-oriented use) and, on the other hand, three types of more passive Internet users. These types include users oriented towards information and entertainment as well as small-scale users who come into contact with the Internet so rarely that it is impossible to distinguish clearly developed practices of use. Figure 5.3.3. provides an overview of the online activities of the types of users, comparing their frequency of engagement in ten of the most popular activities. Active, versatile Internet users (14% of all Internet users) are more active with regard to all manners of Internet use compared to the other groups. For them, the Internet is an environment where they satisfy their need for information, entertainment, belonging and participating (Figure 5.3.3.). This type includes a greater proportion of women, people aged 20–39, and people with a higher education. Entertainment-oriented active Internet users (20%) concentrate mainly on searching for entertainment, watching/listening to TV and radio shows on the Internet, and also on the consumption of culture. This type of user is generally active, however, and tends to search for information and use the Internet for gaining access to practical services if necessary. This user type includes people who consider it important to participate in blogs and forums. The largest number of Internet users of this type belongs among the 15–29 age group, with the Russian-speaking population being represented slightly more among the entertainment-oriented active users. Practical work-related Internet users (22%) focus primarily on information and practical activities, in addition to being significantly more active than average in using e-services. Their online communication is mainly workrelated and considerably less personal than that of the average Internet user. They also search for significantly less entertainment than the average Internet user. This group is dominated by women, people aged 30–49, people with a higher education, and members of the <strong>Estonian</strong>speaking population. In addition, people belonging to this type are more likely to have an average or high income. The largest group among the passive Internet users comprises the practical information-oriented small-scale Internet users (20%). Their Internet use is characterized by a somewhat higher than average use of information and slightly higher than average use of online banking solutions. At the same time, the variety of their online activities is somewhat larger than that of the next user type. This | 112
type more commonly includes older people, women, and people with a secondary education. The online activities of entertainment and communication-oriented small-scale Internet users (15%) are characterized by searching for entertainment as well as communication with friends and acquaintances, while their Internet use remains passive with regard to other purposes. This group includes more men, members of younger age groups and therefore also people with a basic education and those belonging to the lowest income group. Small-scale Internet users (10%) are not characterized by any specific practice of Internet use and their online behaviour is generally in the developmental stage. Smallscale users comprise a larger than average share of older people and people with a secondary education, as well as members of the Russian-speaking population. The user types also differ in terms of their frequency of Internet use. In general, 96% of Internet users have used the Internet during the past week. The members of the three more active types of Internet users have all used the Internet during the past week (Figure 5.3.4.). Figures 5.3.5.–5.3.7. compare the types of Internet users on the basis of data gathered during surveys conducted over the last six years. Types of Internet users, in whose case the nature of activities is the same or very similar but the names used in surveys are different, have been depicted using the same colour. The percentage indicates the relative importance of the user type in the entire population. The visually clearest development is the significant decrease in the share of non-users over the six year period. This is partially a result of Estonia’s national policy which has continued to increase Internet use through education, information campaigns, and improved accessibility. Another aspect related to the increase of users is the network-based nature of the Internet, which means that every user adds value to various online services and opportunities. In conjunction with the growth of the percentage of Internet users, there has also been an increase in the relative importance of active user types. Small-scale users are increasingly less common among Internet users, although their level has remained steady in the context of the entire population over the examined period. Use of public e-services and online participation in public life as factors influencing quality of life in information society The democratic potential of information and communication technologies can be assessed in several different ways. We can study the availability of various services facilitating civic involvement at the national level or the level of local governments. In this regard, Estonia enjoys a relatively high position according to international indexes. If we examine the frequency of use of these applications, however, we notice that the initiatives of the government sector have not always been popular or widely used among Estonia’s population. A considerably larger share of people’s daily online activities is related to the consumption of services and entertainment, which does not necessarily lead to improved e-participation and the development of democratic citizenship. Nevertheless, the role of the usability of services provided by the state in terms of developing its citizens’ practices of Internet use and shaping their quality of life must not be underestimated. Since most e-services allow citizens to save time and Figure 5.3.5. Percentage of Internet users and nonusers of the entire population in 2002 Versatile interactive Internet user Versatile 5% information user 6% Communicator 8% User of services related to private life 5% Participant in the virtual public sphere 7% Small-scale user 9% Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2002 Non-user 60% Figure 5.3.6. Percentage of Internet users and nonusers of the entire population in 2005 Pragmatic work and information oriented user 11% Communication and entertainment oriented user 11% Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2005 Versatile user 7% User of public and practical information 13% Entertainment and family information oriented user 9% Small-scale user 11% Non-user 38% Figure 5.3.7. Percentage of Internet users and nonusers of the entire population in 2008 Practical work oriented Internet user 16% Entertainment oriented active user 13% Active, versatile Internet user 10% Practical information oriented small-scale user 15% Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2008 Non-user 29% Small-scale user 7% Entertainment and communication oriented small-scale user 10% access necessary resources more easily, the provision of such services is another sign of an improvement of quality of life. Information technology has a more direct effect on the quality of life in Estonia, for example, when people have difficulties finding a suitable job near their home, i.e. when they have the option of teleworking through the Internet. In such a case ICT can directly help us solve specific social problems. In this 113 |
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Estonian Human Development Report
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Estonian Human Development Report T
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4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
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Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
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CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
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Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
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Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
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to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
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Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
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12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
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Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
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Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
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1.4. The gross domestic product and
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Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
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1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
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2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
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Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
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Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
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Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
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2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
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Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
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Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
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Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
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dren. The majority of services are
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Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
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2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
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CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
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Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
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Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
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Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
Page 66 and 67: Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
Page 76 and 77: Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
Page 80 and 81: Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
Page 88 and 89: Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demograp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
Page 94 and 95: olds considered themselves to be pa
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
Page 98 and 99: Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 112 and 113: Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countrie
Page 116 and 117: Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
Page 118 and 119: Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
Page 120 and 121: Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
Page 126 and 127: 5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
Page 128 and 129: Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
Page 140 and 141: References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
Page 150 and 151: 6.5. Cities as development engines
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
Page 154 and 155: have been underfinanced or are not
Page 156 and 157: Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
Page 158 and 159: Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
Page 160 and 161: Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
Page 162 and 163: Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
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Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Estonian Human Development Report H
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Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
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Estonian Human Development Report P
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Estonian Human Development Report A
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