Estonian Human Development Report

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 5.3.1. Comparison of countries based on the Networked Readiness Index in 2007–2008 and the change in positions compared to 2006–2007 Ranking 2007– 2008 Networked readiness components Environment component Readiness component Country Table 5.3.2. The components of the Networked Readiness Index and Estonia’s relative position Estonia’s ranking 24. 23. Use component 8. Source: World Economic Forum 2008b Score 2007– 2008 Ranking 2006– 2007 Sub-index Estonia’s ranking Market environment 23. Political and regulatory environment Score 2006– 2007 recent source on the Digital Opportunity Index is the report based on data from 2005/2006 and published in 2007. Here, too, the composite index is based on three clusters of indicators: Opportunities – accessibility and affordability; Infra- 24. Infrastructure 24. Individual readiness 26. Business sector readiness 31. Government sector readiness 8. Individual use 11. Business sector use 23. Government sector use 2. Table 5.3.3. Components of the Digital Opportunity Index and Estonia’s results in 2006 and 2007 2006 2006 2007 2007 Opportunities 0.98 Digital Opportunity Opportunities 0.99 Digital Opportunity Infrastructure 0.47 Index 0.63 (20 th place Infrastructure 0.50 Index 0.65 (20 th place in the world and 11 th in the world and 14 th Utilization 0.44 place in Europe) Utilization 0.45 place in Europe) Sources: ITU 2007a and Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, Vihalemm & Viia 2007 Change 1 Denmark 5.78 1 5.71 2 Sweden 5.72 2 5.66 3 Switzerland 5.53 5 5.58 4 USA 5.49 7 5.54 5 Singapore 5.49 3 5.60 6 Finland 5.47 4 5.59 7 The Netherlands 5.44 6 5.54 8 Iceland 5.44 8 5.50 9 Republic of Korea 5.43 19 5.14 10 Norway 5.38 10 5.42 19 Japan 5.14 14 5.27 20 Estonia 5.12 20 5.02 21 France 5.11 23 4.99 30 Slovenia 4.47 30 4.41 33 Lithuania 4.41 39 4.18 36 Czech Republic 4.33 34 4.28 37 Hungary 4.28 33 4.33 43 Slovakia 4.17 41 4.15 44 Latvia 4.14 42 4.13 61 Romania 3.86 55 3.80 62 Poland 3.81 58 3.69 68 Bulgaria 3.71 72 3.53 70 Ukraine 3.69 75 3.46 71 Kazakhstan 3.68 73 3.52 72 Russia 3.68 70 3.54 Source: World Economic Forum 2008b. structure – networks and means; Usage – implementation of ICT. According to the Digital Opportunity Index, the ideal set of opportunities would mean that the whole population of a country had easy access to affordable information and communication technologies, that all homes were equipped with ICT appliances, that all residents owned mobile ICT devices, and that everyone used broadband Internet. The index is presented on a scale of 0–1 and Estonia holds the 24 th place with 0.65 points. Although Estonia’s ranking has not improved, the value of some of the component indexes has increased somewhat (Table 5.3.3.). In addition to the Digital Opportunity Index, ITU also compiles an ICT Opportunity Index which is more versatile than the previous index and analyzes a total of 183 countries. The countries are categorized into four larger groups: countries with high, upper, medium, and low ICT Opportunity Index values. Estonia is the only post-socialist country with a high ICT Opportunity Index value, holding the 24 th position (with 269.81 index points) among the 29 countries that scored high on the index. Estonia has developed the most among the members of this group (after Barbados) during the period 2001–2005, gaining 78.08 index points. Sweden is the leader in the ICT Opportunities Index rankings with 377.69 points, followed by Luxembourg (371.1 points), and Hong Kong (365.54). Estonia lags behind the leaders primarily in terms of the sub-indexes measuring networks and intensity (Table 5.3.4.). In the case of some of these sub-indexes, Estonia’s index values are half those of other countries with high ICT use. An analysis of the international indexes shows that although we have been comparatively successful with regard to developing e-technologies, especially as a result of the efforts of the government sector, we have not been able to achieve the competitive edge hoped for when implementing these technologies. The main problems are related to the small size of markets, the lack of innovativeness in the business sector, and the complications inherent in the cooperation between the domain of education and research and the business sector. These findings are not particularly novel, however, and there has been much discussion in this context on the necessity of promoting technology and engineering education. These developments are related, in part, to the expectations of the Estonian business elite and their potential for using information and communication technologies for increasing their efficiency, since the Digital Opportunity Index demonstrates that our position is relatively weaker in relation to the readiness and opportunities of the business sector. Estonia’s Internet users and spread of e-services The prevalence of Internet use and the accessibility of various technologies are seen as the primary factors influencing the development of digital opportunities and technology. The value of this approach is limited, however, in terms of helping us understand the extent to which different social groups benefit from using the Internet for the purpose of improving their quality of life. Figure 5.3.1. introduces the segment of this report devoted to providing a more detailed description of the typology of Estonia’s Internet users by giving an overview of the increase in the percentage of Internet users among Estonian residents aged 15–74. | 110
Internet users among different ethnic groups The 2008 Mina. Maailm. Meedia survey indicates that for the first time in Estonia, women surpass men in terms of Internet use to a statistically relevant degree. Accordingly, 55% of women and 46% of men report having last used the Internet no longer than six months before the survey. A significant age-based stratification is also still apparent, with 96% of the respondents belonging to the youngest age groups (i.e. 15–19 and 20–29) being Internet users. Only 30% of the oldest age group comprising people aged 60–74 use the Internet. There is also a connection between Internet use and level of education: people whose level of education is higher are more likely to use the Internet, with only 63% of people with a basic education being Internet users compared to 86% of people with a higher education. The connection between income and Internet use is not as straightforward, however. In fact, 72% of the respondents belonging to the lowest income group (i.e. a monthly income of up to 2500 kroons per family member) use the Internet, while the same is true for only 64% of people whose monthly income is 2501–4000 kroons per capita and 62% of people in the next highest income group (monthly income of 4001–6000 kroons per capita). However, in the case of higher income groups, the percentage of Internet users increases once more. This data can be explained, to a degree, by the fact that many families with children belong to the smallest income group, but their level of Internet use is higher than that of single people and pensioners who tend to belong to the next income groups. Estonian Internet users engage most frequently in the following activities (Figure 5.3.2.): online banking, communicating with friends and acquaintances, and searching for practical information. The Internet use of Estonian population is characterized least by participation in citizens’ initiatives, consumption of culture, participation in forums, blogs, surveys, and the writing of comments. This means that digital stratification is not only a process that discriminates Internet users from non-users, but is also a result of differences in opportunities for Internet use and their implementation. The difference between the activities of Internet users is especially apparent if we compare different age groups (Figure 5.3.2.). Whereas communicating with friends and acquaintances, searching for entertainment, and finding information related to their work and studies is typical of younger people’s patterns of Internet use, middle-aged people’s Internet use is primarily focused on using online banking solutions and e-services, searching for information related to state agencies, and engaging in work-related communication. Some of the differences are definitely the result of the different life experience of the younger respondents, meaning that since many of the younger respondents are school pupils they have less need to engage in work-related communication. In addition, they have no income that would require filling out an online tax return. It is evident, however, that the tendency to use the Internet for purposes related to personal well-being differs in several aspects in the case of different age groups. Individual Internet use is continually increasing in Estonia and it is increasingly important to understand the versatility of this phenomenon. An analysis of the behaviour of Internet users shows that although the number of opportunities provided through the Internet has increased significantly during the last six years, the primary interests of the users – Table 5.3.4. Components of the ICT Opportunity Index and Estonia’s results Infodensity Infouse Subindexes Networks index Skills index Uptake index Intensity index Source: ITU 2007b Index value for Estonia 339.6 137.2 346.2 328.5 Index components Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants International Internet bandwidth per inhabitant Mobile phone users per 100 inhabitants Adult literacy rate Gross school enrolment rates Computers per 100 inhabitants Internet users per 100 inhabitants Proportion of households with a TV Broadband internet subscribers per 100 inhabitants International outgoing telephone traffic (minutes) Figure 5.3.1. Percentage of Internet users among Estonian residents aged 15–74 (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 32 2001 I 41 43 45 47 49 47 50 53 2002 I 2002 II 2003 I 2003 II 2004 I 2004 II Sources: Emor 2008 and Riso 2008 2005 I 2005 II 58 59 63 66 68 69 Figure 5.3.2. To what extent does the given activity characterize your Internet use? Averages by age groups (on a scale of 5 – “very much” to 1 – “not at all”) Using online banking Communicating with friends Searching for practical information (weather, timetables, etc.) Searching for information related to work and studies Using e-services (tax board, forms, citizens’ portal, etc.) Searching for entertainment (games, music, films) Following online newspapers and information portals (Delfi, etc.) Searching for information on jobs, dwellings, tourism, etc. Using online databases (libraries, data banks, etc.) Searching for information on public institutions, ministries, courts, etc. Work-related communication with clients and colleagues Communicating with officials, transaction of affairs online Making purchases and gathering relevant information Participating in forums, blogs, questionnaires Participating in civic initiatives, signing online petitions Source: Mina. Maailm. Meedia 2008 1.06 1.52 1.62 1.39 1.07 2006 I 2006 II 2007 I 2.80 2.97 2.79 2.50 2.81 2.50 2.68 2.34 2.23 2.41 1.98 1.86 2.10 1.56 1.45 1.65 1.59 1.87 1.75 1.79 1.98 2.16 2.25 2.30 2.28 2.38 2.40 2.23 2.34 2.60 2.81 2.75 2.94 2007 II 3.38 3.12 2008 I 3.61 3.62 3.47 3.51 2008 II 4.01 15–29 30–54 55–74 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 111 |
Page 1 and 2:
Estonian Human Development Report
Page 3 and 4:
Estonian Human Development Report T
Page 5:
4.2. Ethnic differentiations in sat
Page 9:
Preface This year, the Estonian Hum
Page 12 and 13:
CHAPTER 1 Estonian Human Developmen
Page 14 and 15:
Figure 1.1.3. Life expectancy in co
Page 16 and 17:
Figure 1.2.2. Life expectancy at bi
Page 18 and 19:
to reality. The greatest inaccuracy
Page 20 and 21:
Figure 1.2.9. Internal migration ev
Page 22 and 23:
12. Marksoo, A. 1992. “Dynamics o
Page 24 and 25:
Table 1.3.1. PISA 2006 study result
Page 26 and 27:
Table 1.3.2. Number of students in
Page 28 and 29:
1.4. The gross domestic product and
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1.4.3. Estonian GDP (right a
Page 32 and 33:
1.5. Changes in the Estonian Human
Page 34 and 35:
2.2. Health of Estonian residents i
Page 36 and 37:
Table 2.2.4. Differences in life ex
Page 38 and 39:
Figure 2.4.1. Healthy life years of
Page 40 and 41:
Figure 2.4.4. Various accidents, tr
Page 42 and 43:
2.5. Lifestyle and behaviour as a s
Page 44 and 45:
Figure 2.5.5. Smoking in Estonia in
Page 46 and 47:
Figure 2.6.1. Overview of the compo
Page 48 and 49:
Table 2.6.2. Use of specialized med
Page 50 and 51:
dren. The majority of services are
Page 52 and 53:
Figure 2.8.2. How much a health dis
Page 54 and 55:
2.10. Policy recommendations aimed
Page 56 and 57:
CHAPTER 3 Quality of life and life
Page 58 and 59:
Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of liv
Page 60 and 61:
Table 3.2.4. An assessment of the e
Page 62 and 63: Figure 3.2.4. Difference in the job
Page 64 and 65: Table 3.2.6. Agreement with stateme
Page 66 and 67: Figure 3.3.1. Satisfaction with lif
Page 68 and 69: Figure 3.3.4. Percentage of people
Page 70 and 71: Figure 3.4.1. Types of quality of l
Page 72 and 73: Figure 3.5.1. Percentage of teenage
Page 74 and 75: Figure 3.5.4. Percentage of respond
Page 76 and 77: Arieh A., Conti C., Kutsar D., Nicg
Page 78 and 79: Figure 3.6.2. Subjective quality of
Page 80 and 81: Pieper, A. Sixsmith, Care related q
Page 82 and 83: Figure 3.7.1. The placement of Euro
Page 84 and 85: Figure 4.2.1. Life satisfaction by
Page 86 and 87: Table 4.2.1. Factors forming genera
Page 88 and 89: Annexes Annex 4.2.1. Socio-demograp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.3.1. Changes in the assess
Page 92 and 93: Figure 4.3.4. Attitudes of the Esto
Page 94 and 95: olds considered themselves to be pa
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.4.3. Agreement of the Russi
Page 98 and 99: Table 4.5.2. The prospects of non-E
Page 100 and 101: Figure 4.5.4. Certainty of Estonian
Page 102 and 103: mote equal opportunities. At the (e
Page 104 and 105: CHAPTER 5 Quality of life in a cons
Page 106 and 107: Figure 5.2.1. GDP and AIC per capit
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5.2.3. Distribution of consu
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5.2.4. Indexes of environmen
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5.3.3. Comparison of types o
Page 116 and 117: Table 5.3.5. Connections between po
Page 118 and 119: Table 5.4.1. Who and what are the f
Page 120 and 121: Table 5.4.3. Young people’s asses
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5.4.6. Time spent on the con
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.4.6. The perception of prob
Page 126 and 127: 5.6. Summary To briefly summarize t
Page 128 and 129: Table 6.2.1. Objective and subjecti
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6.2.4. Relationship between
Page 132 and 133: Figure 6.2.7. Difference between th
Page 134 and 135: Figure 6.3.1. GDP, government secto
Page 136 and 137: Figure 6.3.3. Employed 15-74-year-o
Page 138 and 139: Figure 6.3.8. Percentage of social
Page 140 and 141: References 1. Aaviksoo, A., G. Paat
Page 142 and 143: Figure 6.4.1. Labour market flexibi
Page 144 and 145: Figure 6.4.3. Creations of jobs ind
Page 146 and 147: Figure 6.4.5. Public expenditures o
Page 148 and 149: Figure 6.4.6. Ratio of the particip
Page 150 and 151: 6.5. Cities as development engines
Page 152 and 153: Table 6.5.2. Existence of developme
Page 154 and 155: have been underfinanced or are not
Page 156 and 157: Table 7.1. Factors that favour and
Page 158 and 159: Table 7.2. Potential economic devel
Page 160 and 161: Authors Chapter 1 Ene-Margit Tiit,
Page 162 and 163:
Margit Keller (PhD) is a Senior Res
Page 164 and 165:
Special prizes Estonian Human Devel
Page 166 and 167:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 168 and 169:
Estonian Human Development Report H
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Honorable mentions Estonian Human D
Page 174 and 175:
Estonian Human Development Report P
Page 176 and 177:
Estonian Human Development Report A
Page 178:
show all

Estonian Human Development Report

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?