Association

List of Figures
2.1. Phase diagram of single crystal EuO synthesis ................... 6
2.2. Schematics of an Ellingham diagram ........................ 7
2.3. The rare earth electronic structure as a shell scheme for Eu metal. ....... 9
2.4. Band structure of EuO calculated in the LSDA+U approximation ........ 10
2.5. Temperature-dependent scheme of the EuO band gap .............. 10
2.6. Calculated Eu 5d conduction bands ......................... 11
2.7. Ionic radii of Lanthanide ions ............................ 11
2.8. Ferromagnetism in ultrathin EuO films ....................... 15
2.9. Schematics of spin filter tunneling into a semiconductor ............. 16
2.10. Schematic band structure of EuO for different directions k ............ 18
2.11. The three step model of photoemission ....................... 19
2.12. Momentum conservation during photoexcitation ................. 21
2.13. Photoemission from a solid .............................. 22
2.14. Schematics of photoemission spectroscopy ..................... 23
2.15. Photoemission cross-sections of hard X-ray excitation ............... 26
2.16. Comparison of the intensity profiles of elastic photoelectron forward diffraction 27
2.17. Calculated Debye-Waller factors for valence-level photoemission ........ 27
2.18. Universal curve of photoemission from solids ................... 28
2.19. MCD components m J for 2p level photoemission with dominant SO interaction 31
2.20. Reduced m j sublevel energies for p-shells and d-shells dependent on spin–
orbit or exchange coupling .............................. 32
3.1. Surface tensions between substrate and deposited film .............. 36
3.2. Transmission electron micrograph of SiO 2 grown by low temperature silicon
dry oxidation ...................................... 38
3.3. RHEED working principle .............................. 39
3.4. Illustration of the layer-by-layer growth observed by RHEED .......... 39
3.5. LEED working principle ............................... 40
3.6. Cylindrical mirror analyzer ............................. 41
3.7. Details of the Oxide-MBE setup at PGI-6 ...................... 42
3.8. Geometrical arrangement of oxygen nozzles in the Oxide-MBE ......... 43
3.9. Thermal hydrogen cracker .............................. 44
3.10. Measurement principle of a SQUID ......................... 45
3.11. The measurement geometry of a two-axis X-ray diffraction ............ 47
3.12. Reciprocal space mapping and its interpretation ................. 47
3.13. An extra-wide photoemission survey by HAXPES ................. 48
3.14. HAXPES experiment at KMC1 with HIKE endstation ............... 49
3.15. Schematics of the beamline P09 at PETRA III ................... 50
3.16. HAXPES experiment at the P09 beamline (PETRA III) .............. 51
3.17. Photoelectron excitation and damping in a three-layer heterostructure ..... 52
ix