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Forschungszentrum Jülich in der He
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Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Inst
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Contents . . 1 Neutron Sources H .
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1 . Neutron Sources Harald Conrad 1
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d) f, = v a, , q - ti = P a, - 0 .3
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Period Example Flux (D [1013 1950-6
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In stage 1 the primary proton knock
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get as heat, the rest is transporte
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down power and stronger absorption
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Appendix Neutron Sources - an overv
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led remotely. It is rauch more conv
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2 . Properties of the neutron, elem
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In the 60's the ferst high flux rea
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Hot neutrons in reactors are obtain
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elated values for the FRJ-2 reactor
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2 .5 Scattering amplitude and cross
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(A+k2 ) yr = u(Z:) yr V( u~r)= z "
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_du _ mn \2 A2-~2z r2~ I(k' IVI k)I
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E ô ô x z w 0 z _w U N Figure 2 .
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scattering is observed with the ave
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For a spherical electron distributi
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A more thorough introduction to neu
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3 . Elastie Seattering from Many-Bo
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Q = Q = k2 + k2 - 2kk' cos2B (3 .3)
- Page 56 and 57: 3 .2 Fundamental Scattering Theory
- Page 58 and 59: The meaning of (3 .l4) is immediate
- Page 60 and 61: 1 . e. in the second approximation,
- Page 62 and 63: The saure problem will bc dealt wit
- Page 64 and 65: ALQ) = Y-bfe'Q'-rB(r-(n .a+m .b+p»
- Page 66 and 67: du LQ) = ALQJ2 = e'Q .A' . * -i e-
- Page 68 and 69: Tab . 3.1 : The scattering lengths
- Page 70 and 71: We note immediately that we should
- Page 72 and 73: These magnetic structures can be un
- Page 74 and 75: M1LQ)=Q-MQ)xQ M(Q)= IM (r)e i Q " d
- Page 76 and 77: Orbital magnetic spin angular ,,- m
- Page 78 and 79: aQ . r 3 àQ . N . QR . aQ .t k _ML
- Page 80: Schweika Analysis Polarization W .
- Page 83 and 84: ducing a complex component and were
- Page 85 and 86: ir v s ftft 3956 2 s 2 0.81[X] 80 c
- Page 87 and 88: Some polarizers using Bragg reflect
- Page 89 and 90: Different to the coherent nuclear s
- Page 91 and 92: where QBG denotes the background .
- Page 93 and 94: 4 .4 Applications We now consider e
- Page 95 and 96: Fig. 4 .3 .4 probably represents th
- Page 97 and 98: . occur only in the non-spin flip c
- Page 99 and 100: The results for the magnetization d
- Page 101 and 102: a large solid angle with polarizers
- Page 103 and 104: scattering to spin-flip scattering
- Page 105: An experimental verification of thi
- Page 110 and 111: 5 . Correlation Functions Measured
- Page 112 and 113: S(Q) rnn =21r/r nn Figure 5 .1 : Sc
- Page 114 and 115: White" neutrons from reactor Sample
- Page 116 and 117: 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 (A -1 ) Figur
- Page 118 and 119: where rit denotes the monomer dista
- Page 120 and 121: , TIIIIV~i~.~1111 a" Aj A(t) i ~M ~
- Page 122 and 123: (A(0)A(T» Figure 5 .9 : Simulated
- Page 124 and 125: where we can arbitrarily set ri = r
- Page 126 and 127: With this definition the pair corre
- Page 128 and 129: espectively. The former equation ex
- Page 130 and 131: to a volume V is simply a plane wav
- Page 132 and 133: is the Hamiltonian of a free atom a
- Page 134: Continuation Description : Grazing
- Page 137 and 138: A straightforward method to investi
- Page 139 and 140: To study the morphology of surfaces
- Page 141 and 142: 6.3 Specular Neutron Reflectivity i
- Page 143 and 144: 0 z>d d V(z) = 2nh2b,P, / mz =V, :
- Page 145 and 146: Figure 6 .7 : Sonie examples of mon
- Page 147 and 148: 6.5 The Regime of the Total Externa
- Page 149 and 150: n, = 1- 8, + i(3, (6.19) The effect
- Page 151 and 152: too small to modulate the intensity
- Page 153 and 154: [9] V . Holt', U. Pietsch, T . Baum
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7 . Diffractometer G . Heger 7 .1 I
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scattered beam behind the sample, t
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In the case of single crystal diffr
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Powder diffraction also may be disc
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For a ADP-powder diffractometer the
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Ili1'i 11111111 i 0Y5 0.76 d spacï
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The influence ofthe primary collima
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8 . Small-angle Scattering and Refl
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8 .3 .1 . Pin-Hole SANS The princip
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determined by the maximum divergenc
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the focusing SANS is known for long
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three times, then one measures a Da
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Figure 8 .12 : Schematic design ofa
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Neutron guides also enable to trans
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into two ionic particles with kinet
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Crystal Spectrometer : Triple-axis
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10 .1 Common features of crystal sp
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undergo appreciable fluctuations .
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Fig. 4) vertical focusing : The gai
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Back to the "bottled" neutrons : in
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Choosing PG or Cu one gets contribu
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scan direction v scan direction dis
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10.5 Back-Scattering Spectrometer I
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After all ttrose constraints on the
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10 Time-of-Flight Spectrometers Mic
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ackscattering-z-spectrometer ; for
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From the thermal spectrum of the ne
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times is performed at the detector
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energy transfers (gains) structures
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is obtained, all constant factors a
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Figure 10 .7 : Disc chopper . 10% t
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etween the two choppers . See also
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10 .2 .8 TOF-TOF : TOF-monochromato
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the associated paths are indicated
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10 .3 .1 Analysis by filters The an
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if an increase in resolution may be
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Neutron Spich-echo Spectrometer, NS
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affecting application are caused by
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through one arm of the spectrometer
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direction that gives rise to a new
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11 .3 The detector signal As mentio
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proportional to the current through
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I (Q, t) and the exact symmetry poi
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then additional deactivation of the
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ô 0 .8 0 0 Im 0 .6 X ,a, `RMRXI km
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Many isotopes-especially normal hyd
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12 Structure Determination Gernot H
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Besides of the related seven primit
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fM(H) = Jv Mj(r)-exp[2ni(H-r)]- &r
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12 .3 .1 Example ofcontrast variati
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Fig . 2 . Magnetic phase diagram of
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Fig . 3 . Na2S-9D20 : A partial vie
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Remember: The scattering lengths of
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(3m symmetiy) on crystallographic s
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Textbooks G . E. Bacon, Neutron Dif
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13 . Inelastic neutron scattering :
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(000) Figure 2 Schematic drawing of
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o o o o bo ao Lambda lattice parame
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Tau Figure 5 Scattering triangle co
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e performed in an efficient manner
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1 r x z -- w --Z x E r A -+ L 6 5 _
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1s. - 1 tUMl [cc01 ~ 1 ~ 10 517 if
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Similar branches may induce larger
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Figure 10 Schematic picture of a di
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T>Tc TTc O O O O " O " O 8 8 " " 2
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14 a15spin-wave Magnon- energy the
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Ferromagnetic materials are still o
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; ' . r,°'r, Figure 17 Crystal fie
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14 Soft Matter : Structure Dietmar
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with the macroscopic scattering cro
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The probability that a freely joint
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2.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1 .0 1 .5 2.0 2.5 3
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Equations (14 .12) and (14 .13) are
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`l ~(Q)- ,"o (D(1-d)VP(Q) dn NA - ~
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with c the volume fraction of polym
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3 .0 ô 2 .5 U 2 .0 O 1 .5 a 1 .0 0
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6 Û ô 4 3 .0 2 .5 ; 0 1 .5 0 .0 0
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[11] D . Schwahn, K . Mortensen, T.
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15 . Polymer Dynamics D. Richter 15
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is the Kohlrausch-William-Watts rel
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Figure 15 .2 : Elastic and inelasti
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S (Q, t) = Sa (Q, t) S ß (Q, t) /
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Fig .15 .6 displays the elastic int
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C 0.8 d 0.6 ô, 0.4 0.2 o I-Ll1 I I
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15.3 .1 Entropie forces - the Rouse
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By means of neutron scattering two
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The pair correlation function arisi
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The dashed line gives the Rouse pre
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Having obtained very good agreement
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2 diameter d . At that time (ze) th
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Figure 15.17 : Dynamic structure fa
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Finally, one may test whether only
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C Theoretieal Work [14] G . Ronca,
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16 Magnetisin Thomas Bi ückel, IFF
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ole, compared to the stronger excha
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16.2 Magnetic Structure Determinati
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The scattering power density can bc
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the magnetisation density of one at
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y r f R(Q)- (du /dS2) ++ - u a b z1
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fluctuate in space and time . A pha
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same and do not depend on the detai
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Figures 16 .10 and 16.11 show the m
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temperature superconductors, or exc
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Chapter 17 Translation and Rotation
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(T2 is related to the mean square d
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Figure 17 .1 : Mean square displace
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site with possible neighbour sites
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decreased barrier increases the pro
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17 .3 Rotation Molecules represent
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,~ 1 = 0 represents the totally sym
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The Id rotor : solution based on 'f
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The Id rotor : pocket state formali
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Each new model of coupled motion re
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18 Texture in Materials and Earth S
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In this contribution, however, we w
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material . Texture is an important
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. . It is convenient to plot these
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Fig . 18 .12 : Examples of crystall
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pole figures require numbers of 104
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5 .1 Pole Figure Inversion The dét
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lization (generation of dislocation
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1990 1994 1996 Fig. 18.23 : Experim
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Quartz HK407 ô m 6 Fig . 20 . . .
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(3) Preferred orientations of the f
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Schriften des Forschungszentrums J