The Journal of Research ANGRAU

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INFLUENCE OF INM ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES N through glyricidia (T 11 ) and Conventional farmers practice 80:50:20 kg ha -1 NPK (T 12 ) during kharif. While the treatments during rabi were; control treatment with out fertilizers and organic manures (T 1 ), 50 % recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 2 ), 100 % recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 3 ), 75 % recommended NPK dose through organic manures (T 4 ), 100 % Recommended NPK dose through fertilizers 120:60:60 kg ha -1 (T 5 ), 100 % recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 6 ), 75 % recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 7 ), 100 % Recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 8 ), 75 % Recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 9 ), 100 % Recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 10 ), 75 % Recommended NPK dose through fertilizers (T 11 ) and Conventional (farmers) practice 80:50:20 kg ha -1 NPK (T 12 ). Sample Collection The soil samples were collected with soil auger at random from each treatment plot at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth before transplanting, panicle initiation and harvesting stages of the crop in each season. The soil samples were dried under shade, powdered using wooden mortar and pestle and then passed through a 2 mm sieve before taking up analysis. Soil samples were collected with core sampler of size 5.25 x 6 cm to determine soil bulk density by using the method suggested by Black (1965). Porosity was calculated by using the formula: Porosity = [1-BD/PD] x 100; Where, BD = Bulk density of soil (Mg m -3 ); PD = Particle density (Mg m -3 ) of soil. Undisturbed soil samples collected in cylindrical cores at different stages from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths were used for the determination of hydraulic conductivity using constant pressure head method as per the procedure outlined by Jalota et al. (1998). Infiltration rate was determined in situ, at the time of sowing, 60 DAS and harvest of the crop with double ring infiltrometer as suggested by Bertrand (1965) and described by Jalota et al. (1998) and the infiltration rate was reported as cm hr -1 . The Water Holding Capacity of soils was estimated by Keens Cup method (Black, 1965). Grain yield was recorded at the end of each season for two years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bulk density The data on bulk density of soil in the surface layer upto 15 cm depth in response to different nutrient management treatments is furnished in Table 1. The trend exhibited a progressive increase in the bulk density with advance in age of the crop from transplanting to panicle initiation and at harvest in all the treatments during the 2005-06 as well as 2006- 07. The soil cultivated with rice without the application of fertilizer or manures had low bulk density of 1.53 g cm -3 at the time of transplanting both during kharif and rabi seasons in 2005-06. No significant difference was recorded by the application of different proportions of fertilizers in kharif and rabi seasons compared to un fertilized soil. But the integrated supply of nutrients by substituting 50 or 25 % N fertilizer with FYM in the rainy season dropped down the bulk density significantly. The substitution of 50 or 25 % N through paddy straw or glyricidia in kharif season and application of recommended or 75 % recommended N P K dose in rabi after the respective kharif season treatments significantly reduced the bulk density of the soil at transplanting compared to control both during 2005-06 and 2006-07. The reduction in the bulk density of the soil was also recorded at the panicle initiation and at harvesting of the crop due to the integrated nutrient management in kharif season and fertilizer application in rabi season compared to the fertilized or unfertilized soil. The layer at 15 - 30 cm invariably recorded higher bulk density than the top layer irrespective of the treatment (Table 2). Unlike in the top layer, the substitution of 50 or 25 % N through organic sources had no significant influence on this variable at any stage of the crop growth either in kharif or rabi season during 2005-06 or in 2006-07. The bulk density of the soil was relatively low at transplanting, but it increased at panicle initiation and harvesting stage of the crop consequent to the settlement of the soil and trafficking by human labour for cultural operations both during kharif and rabi in the two years. As a result, the porosity and water holding capacity reduced from transplanting to harvesting stage of the crop. This inverse relationship 26
PRASAD and PRASADINI of bulk density with these two parameters is an oft - cited phenomenon (Tripathi et al., 2003). Chawla and Chhabra (1991) also reported that the continuous application of N fertilizer had no significant influence on this soil physical parameter. However, the present study confirmed that the co application of organic source of nutrients by partly replacing the chemical fertilizers had a subtle advantage to improve the soil physical properties. The substitution of 50 % N fertilizer through FYM, paddy straw or glyricidia in kharif and the application of recommended dose of fertilizers in rabi or the substitution of 25 % N fertilizer with any one of the three organic sources in kharif and the application of 75 % recommended dose of fertilizers in the rabi season significantly reduced the bulk density at transplanting, panicle initiation and harvesting stage of rice continuously during the four seasons in the biologically active rooting depth of 0- 15 cm. This reduction in bulk density could probably be assigned to the reason that the addition of organic matter increased the volume of the soil per unit weight. Such benefit of reduction in bulk density of the soil through the incorporation of organic matter has been well documented by Vasanthi and Kumarswamy (1999). Porosity The soil was more porous at 0-15 cm soil depth in all the treatments at transplanting than at panicle initiation stage both in kharif and rabi seasons (Table 3). It reduced further at harvest. The porosity was 42.64 and 41.89 % at transplanting in kharif 2005 and 2006, respectively by growing rice without the application of manures or fertilizers. The corresponding values were 42.26 and 41.89 % in rabi season of 2005 and 2006 respectively. The continuous application of recommended dose of fertilizers to rice-rice cropping system had no significant influence and substitution of 50 % N through the organics i.e. FYM, paddy straw and glyricidia in kharif season and the application of recommended dose of NPK through fertilizers in rabi season significantly increased the porosity of the soil during both the seasons. The application of 25 % N through the organics in the kharif season and 75 % recommended NPK through fertilizers in the rabi season also made the soil more porous than the unfertilised soil. The porosity was significantly more than in unfertilized soils due to the carry over effect of integrated nutrient management treatments. The trends were persistent at transplanting, panicle initiation and harvest. The porosity was relatively low in the lower layer of 15-30 cm soil depth (Table 4). The porosity increased significantly at transplanting by the substitution of 50 % recommended level of N with FYM compared to continuous fertilizer application at recommended level in the kharif and rabi season during both the years. This improvement also persisted at panicle initiation and harvesting stage in kharif and rabi seasons during the second year. The trends with the other sources of organic nutrients substituted with 25 or 50 % of the recommended level of N were highly irregular. The porosity of the fertilized soil was similar to the unfertilized soil. But, a magnificent improvement in the volume fraction of pores was evident due to the integrated nutrient management of rice in kharif followed by fertilizer application in rabi season during the two year rice-rice cropping sequence. This trend was obviously due to an increase in the volume of pore space because of the addition of organic matter to the total volume of the soil. But, Katele et al., (1992) observed that the addition of FYM in an alfisol did not bring a significant change in this parameter. Bhagat et al. (2003) and Tripathi et al (2003) also observed that the incorporation of Lantana camera into the soil reduced the bulk density and increased the porosity which in turn improved the retention of water. Infiltration There was a distinct response of significant improvement in infiltration of water at transplanting due to substitution of 25 or 50 % recommended level of N with FYM compared to the practice of recommended level of fertilizer application both in kharif and rabi season during the two years (Table 5). The substitution of 25 % recommended level of N with glyricidia also established similar trend. The response due to the integration of organic nutrients through paddy straw was irregular. The differences in infiltration due to fertilizer application and the integration of organic nutrients were not apparent during the panicle initiation and harvesting stage of the crop in either of the two years. Among the organic 27
Page 1 and 2: 1
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS PART I : PLANT SCIENCE Eff
Page 5 and 6: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 1-4, 2013 EFFEC
Page 7 and 8: EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NPK
Page 9 and 10: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 5-13, 2013 NUTR
Page 11 and 12: NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY RICE CROP UNDER
Page 19 and 20: LAKSHMI et al Fig 1. Changes in C/N
Page 21 and 22: LAKSHMI et al Changes in C/N ratio
Page 23 and 24: LAKSHMI et al Table 3. Changes in h
Page 25: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 20-29, 2013 INF
Page 29 and 30: PRASAD and PRASADINI to as high as
Page 31 and 32: PRASAD and PRASADINI Table 4 . Infl
Page 33 and 34: PRASAD and PRASADINI Table 8. Influ
Page 35 and 36: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 30-38, 2013 GEN
Page 37 and 38: VEMANNA et al The range in mean val
Page 39 and 40: VEMANNA et al grain yield per plant
Page 41 and 42: VEMANNA et al 41
Page 43 and 44: VEMANNA et al Singh, S. P and Khan,
Page 45 and 46: RAMANA et al RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 47 and 48: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 42-46, 2013 A S
Page 49 and 50: RAJANNA et. al. Table 2. Reasons fo
Page 51 and 52: RAJANNA et al the present findings
Page 53 and 54: NARASIMHA et al Table 1. Proximate
Page 55 and 56: NARASIMHA et al Maynard, L., Lossli
Page 57 and 58: RAMANA et al with small follicles m
Page 59 and 60: RAMANA et al Characteristics of fol
Page 61 and 62: Research Notes J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1)
Page 63 and 64: KIRTHY et al Akhtar et al., 2008; S
Page 65 and 66: KIRTHY et al El Gharras H. 2009. Po
Page 67 and 68: SANDYARANI et al Weed parameters li
Page 69 and 70: SANDYARANI et al Table 2. Influence
Page 73 and 74: KUMAR et al Table 2. Effect of seed
Page 77 and 78:
DEEPAK et al Table 2 Price spread a
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Research Notes J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1)
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YAMINI et al Table 3. Estimates of
Page 83 and 84:
YAMINI et al coupled with high per
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LOKESH et al Table 1. Clustering pa
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LOKESH et al Table 4. Mean values o
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ABIRAMI et al Socio-economic Impact
Page 91 and 92:
ABIRAMI et al socio-economic impact
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Page 95 and 96:
VEMANNA et al Table 1. Discriminant
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VEMANNA et al total biomass, fresh
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RAO et al Table 1. Plant height, nu
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DEVI et al S.No Category Frequency
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DEVI et al extension contact and ma
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NIRMALA and VASANTHA earliness in a
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NIRMALA and VASANTHA adopted this t
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SUDHARANI et al Table 1. Genotypic
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SUDHARANI et al At genotypic level,
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NIRMALA et al weight of pods per pl
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NIRMALA et al Table 3. Cluster mean
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PUNYAVATHI and VIJAYALAKSHMI 6.5 6.
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PUNYAVATHI and VIJAYALAKSHMI REFERE
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KATTEL et al Table 1. Item Analysis
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RADHIKA et al Thus, the results of
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RAJU et al estimated daily dietary
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RAJU et al Table 3. Physico-chemica
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MINNIE et al Table 2. Estimates of
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Statement about ownership and other
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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF M
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ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSIDER
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