The Journal of Research ANGRAU

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CHANGES IN MATURITY INDICES DURING VERMICOMPSOTING VS CONVENTIONAL as described by Kononova (1966). Humification index was computed from ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The organic residues used in the study were neutral in reaction with non saline electrical conductivity. Total organic carbon and C/N ratio varied from 35.22 (vegetable market waste) to 37.05 % (paddy straw) and 22.29 : 1 (vegetable market waste) to 68.61 : 1 (paddy straw), respectively. Regarding macro nutrient status of the organic residues, 0.54 (paddy straw) to 1.58 (vegetable market waste) % N, 0.10 (paddy straw) to 0.81 (vegetable market waste) % P and 0.90 (weeds) to 1.10 (cane trash) % K was recorded. Changes in total organic carbon (TOC) during vermicomposting and composting The total organic carbon content (%) of all the organic residues showed decreasing trend during both the methods of composting i.e vermicomposting and conventional composting (Table 1 and 2). The total organic carbon content during vermicomposting varied from 32.28 (vegetable market waste) to 36.89 (paddy straw) on 15 th day, while on 60 th day, it was varied from 23.88 (weeds) to 24.62 % (cane trash). In case of conventional composting, the total organic carbon content ranged between 32.45 (vegetable market waste) to 36.50 (paddy straw) on 15 th day, while on 110 th day, they varied from 23.05 (vegetable market waste) to 24.22 (cane trash). Total organic carbon decreased with the passage of time in all the organic residues and in both the composting methods. Total organic carbon content decreased with the decomposition during vermicomposting and composting in all the organic residues, might be due to total organic carbon is lost as carbon dioxide through microbial respiration and mineralization of organic matter causing increase in total nitrogen, part of the carbon in the decomposing residues released as CO 2 and part was assimilated by the microbial biomass, microorganisms used the carbon as a source of energy and decomposing the organic matter (Swathi Pattnaik and Vikram Reddy, 2010). The reduction was higher in vermicomposting as compared to composting at a particular period of time, which may be due to the fact that earthworms have higher assimilating capacity and the earthworms affect the loss of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide through mineralization of organic carbon (Swathi Pattnaik and Vikram Reddy, 2010). Changes in total nitrogen during vermicomposting and conventional composting The changes in total nitrogen content during vermicomposting from 15 to 60 days were 0.62 to 1.14 % (cane trash), 1.30 to 1.88 % (weeds), 1.58 to 2.11 % (vegetable market waste) and 0.51 to 1.12 % (paddy straw). In case of conventional composting from 15 to 110 days, it was varied from 0.63 to 0.98 % (cane trash), 1.34 to 1.68 % (weeds), 1.61 to 1.81 % (vegetable market waste) and 0.53 to 0.96 % (paddy straw). The total nitrogen content increased during composting process, however more increase was observed in vermicomposting than normal composting. Irrespective of the composting methods, significantly higher and lower nitrogen content was recorded in vegetable market waste and paddy straw, respectively. The increase in nitrogen content during vermicomposting was due to decomposition of organic matter containing proteins and conversion of ammonical nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. As the organic matter passes through the gut of the earthworms, the material gets digested by enzyme activity which results in breakdown of proteins and nitrogen containing compounds. Decrease in pH is another important factor in retention of nitrogen as it is lost as ammonia at high pH values. The increase in total nitrogen content during conventional composting may be due to direct manifestation of mass loss due to mineralization of organic fraction (Krishna Murthy et al., 2010). Lower nitrogen values during conventional composting than vermicomposting might be due to loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia volatilization during thermophilic phase. Higher nitrogen values in vermicomposting might be due to high degree of decomposition and release of nitrogenous products through excreta, urine and mucoproteins (Kitturmath et al. 2007). 20
LAKSHMI et al Changes in C/N ratio during vermicomposting and conventional composting The data presented in Table 1 and 2 revealed that the C/N ratio of cane trash, weeds, vegetable market waste and paddy straw at 15 days of vermicomposting was 57.74:1, 25.69:1, 20.43:1 and 72.33:1, respectively. At the end of vermicomposting i.e at 60 days the C/N ratio was further reduced to 21.60:1,12.70:1,11.34:1 and 21.57:1 in cane trash, weeds, vegetable market waste and paddy straw, respectively. Where as in conventional composting the C/N ratio at 15 days was 57.02:1, 24.87:1, 20.16:1 and 68.87:1, respectively and 60 days after composting the reduction was 34.63:1, 16.56:1, 14.19:1 and 36.08:1 and at the end of composting i.e. at 110 days it was further reduced to 24.71:1, 13.76:1, 12.73:1 and 24.89:1 in cane trash, weeds, vegetable market waste and paddy straw, respectively. In both the composting methods paddy straw recorded the highest C/N ratio while vegetable market waste exhibited lowest C/N ratio, however the percent decrease was more in vermicomposting than conventional composting in a particular period of time (Fig.1 & 2). The decrease in C/N ratio during vermicomposting was due to respiratory activity of earthworms and microorganisms and increase in nitrogen by mineralization of organic matter and excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Similar results were reported by Alok Bhardwaj (2010). The reduction in carbon and lowering of C/N ratio in the vermicomposting and conventional composting could be achieved either by the respiratory activity of earthworms and microorganisms or by increase in nitrogen by microbial mineralization of organic matter in combination with addition of the worm’s nitrogenous wastes through their excretion. The rate of reduction of C/N ratio was high during vermicomposting than conventional composting. The duration of vermicomposting varied from 55 to 60 days for various organic residues under study, while it took almost 110 days for conventional composting (Auldry et al., 2009). During vermicomposting given optimum conditions of temperature and moisture, earthworms feed on organic component of organic residues which is ground into smaller particles in their gizzard. Later on the enzyme activity in the intestine brings about rapid conversion of cellulose and protenaceous materials. This may account for reduced time in vermicomposting than conventional composting. Changes in Humic Acid content (%) during vermicomposting and composting The humic acid production increased with progress of decomposition in both the composting methods. The increase in humic acid content in vermicomposting from 15 to 60 days varied from 7.50 to 9.85 % in cane trash, 8.12 to 10.40 % in weeds, 9.00 to 10.85 % in vegetable market waste and 7.12 to 9.10 % in paddy straw. At the end of vermicomposting significant increase in humic acid content (10.40 %) was recorded in vegetable market waste than cane trash and paddy straw, however vermicomposting of weeds recorded on par result (10.40 %) with vegetable market waste, while significantly lowest humic acid (9.10 %) was recorded in paddy straw. At the end of conventional composting i.e 110 days high humic acid content of 10.22 % was observed in vegetable market waste, while minimum content of 9.75 % was recorded in cane trash. Vegetable market waste recorded 20 & 25 % increase of humic acid content from initial to maturity in vermicomposting and conventional composting, respectively. The humic acid production increased with incubation in both the composting methods and in all the treatments, Xiaowei et al. (2010) observed that increasing levels of humic acid represent high degree of humification. Humification was found to be dependent on biochemical characteristics and composition of raw material. The high humic acid content during vermicomposting implies good quality and maturity of compost. Vegetable market waste recorded highest humic acid content (10.85 %) followed by weeds (10.40%), cane trash (9.85 %,) and rice straw (9.10 %) during vermicomposting. This was probably due to variation in the amount, composition and differential degradation of lignins (Tejada, 2009) (Fig.3 & 4) Changes in Fulvic Acid content (%) during vermicomposting and composting 21
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Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS PART I : PLANT SCIENCE Eff
Page 5 and 6: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 1-4, 2013 EFFEC
Page 7 and 8: EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NPK
Page 9 and 10: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 5-13, 2013 NUTR
Page 11 and 12: NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY RICE CROP UNDER
Page 19: LAKSHMI et al Fig 1. Changes in C/N
Page 23 and 24: LAKSHMI et al Table 3. Changes in h
Page 25 and 26: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 20-29, 2013 INF
Page 27 and 28: PRASAD and PRASADINI of bulk densit
Page 29 and 30: PRASAD and PRASADINI to as high as
Page 31 and 32: PRASAD and PRASADINI Table 4 . Infl
Page 33 and 34: PRASAD and PRASADINI Table 8. Influ
Page 35 and 36: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 30-38, 2013 GEN
Page 37 and 38: VEMANNA et al The range in mean val
Page 39 and 40: VEMANNA et al grain yield per plant
Page 41 and 42: VEMANNA et al 41
Page 43 and 44: VEMANNA et al Singh, S. P and Khan,
Page 45 and 46: RAMANA et al RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Page 47 and 48: J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1) 42-46, 2013 A S
Page 49 and 50: RAJANNA et. al. Table 2. Reasons fo
Page 51 and 52: RAJANNA et al the present findings
Page 53 and 54: NARASIMHA et al Table 1. Proximate
Page 55 and 56: NARASIMHA et al Maynard, L., Lossli
Page 57 and 58: RAMANA et al with small follicles m
Page 59 and 60: RAMANA et al Characteristics of fol
Page 61 and 62: Research Notes J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1)
Page 63 and 64: KIRTHY et al Akhtar et al., 2008; S
Page 65 and 66: KIRTHY et al El Gharras H. 2009. Po
Page 67 and 68: SANDYARANI et al Weed parameters li
Page 69 and 70: SANDYARANI et al Table 2. Influence
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Research Notes J.Res. ANGRAU 41(1)
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KUMAR et al Table 2. Effect of seed
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DEEPAK et al Table 2 Price spread a
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YAMINI et al Table 3. Estimates of
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YAMINI et al coupled with high per
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LOKESH et al Table 1. Clustering pa
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LOKESH et al Table 4. Mean values o
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ABIRAMI et al Socio-economic Impact
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ABIRAMI et al socio-economic impact
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VEMANNA et al Table 1. Discriminant
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VEMANNA et al total biomass, fresh
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RAO et al Table 1. Plant height, nu
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DEVI et al S.No Category Frequency
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DEVI et al extension contact and ma
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NIRMALA and VASANTHA earliness in a
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NIRMALA and VASANTHA adopted this t
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SUDHARANI et al Table 1. Genotypic
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SUDHARANI et al At genotypic level,
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NIRMALA et al weight of pods per pl
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NIRMALA et al Table 3. Cluster mean
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PUNYAVATHI and VIJAYALAKSHMI 6.5 6.
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PUNYAVATHI and VIJAYALAKSHMI REFERE
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KATTEL et al Table 1. Item Analysis
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RADHIKA et al Thus, the results of
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RAJU et al estimated daily dietary
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RAJU et al Table 3. Physico-chemica
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MINNIE et al Table 2. Estimates of
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Statement about ownership and other
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GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF M
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ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSIDER
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