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SILICMORM BREEDS AT{D HYBRIDS AT GATORE<br />
S.El.DANDIN<br />
H.K. EI,ASAVARAJA<br />
N.5URESH KUMAR<br />
2005<br />
Central Sericultural Research and Training lnstitute<br />
(Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt.of lndia)<br />
Srirampura, Mysore- 570 008, Karnataka, lndia
FOREWORil<br />
In a tropical country like India, there is need to see that<br />
suitable silkworm breeds/hybrids which can sustain<br />
themselves in the tropical conditions are developed constantly<br />
and pushed to the field to meet the demand of hybrids with high<br />
survival and good quality silk to enable the f-armers to have<br />
continued interest, besides enabling the reelers to pay<br />
remunerative price based on silk recovery. In this direction the<br />
efforls made by the silkwonn breeders of Central Sericultural<br />
Research and Training Institute, Mysore for the last five<br />
decades in general and for the<br />
last one decade in parlicular to develop suitable silkworm<br />
breeds/hybrids is praise worthy.<br />
It is also a privilege for the Japan International Co-operation Agency for lending an helping hand<br />
towards the development of productive bivoltine breeds/hybrids in terms of technical expertise and<br />
financial assistance. The Japanese experts who were part of this project in recent years are indeed<br />
very happy to be associated with this great endeavour by the silkworm breeders ofthis Institute.<br />
Personally, it is a matter of great pleasure and satisfaction for me to note that the silkworm breeders<br />
of Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore have come out with this valuable<br />
document of silkworm breeds and hybrids developed by the institute since its inception.<br />
I congratulate the editors for their efforts of compiling all the available information in to an<br />
informative publication and their efforts are praise worthy. I am confident that this comprehensive<br />
document will be an extremely useful reference and an asset for all the scientists involved in<br />
sericulture research in general and silkworm breeding activity in particular all overthe world.<br />
I 5-03-2005<br />
AkioYAMAGUCHI<br />
Expert, JICA<br />
CSR&TI, Mysore
PRETACE<br />
Th. i*pu.t of sericulture research on the development of silk industry in the southern states has<br />
been very spectacular as evident from the quantum jump in productivity and inconte to the farmers.<br />
The new innovations of rnulberry varieties and cultivation, improved silkworm hybrids and<br />
silkworm rearing have brought an unparalleled revolution in the silk industry of the southern states<br />
in lndia. L-Inambiguously, ii is also evident that the production of good quality raw silk is based<br />
primarily on qualiiy cocoons which in turn depends mainly on the superior silkworm breeds. In f-act,<br />
ih. i*p-uenient of silkworm breeds for higher cocoon yield is the most direct and efficient way to<br />
achieve good quality raw silk. Accordingiy, over the last fifty years, improvement of silkworm<br />
breeds has playid a pivotal role in boosting the silk production in lndia in general and southern states<br />
in particular. In this direction, the contribution of silkworm breeders of Central Sericultural Research<br />
and Training Institute, Mysore towards the development of superior silkworrn hybrids is the<br />
milestone. This document showcases the achievements made so f-ar on the development of superior<br />
silkworm breeds/hybrids by this premier institute since five decades of its relentless service.<br />
This document comprises of information on all the silkworm breeds and hybrids developed and<br />
authorized during the pait five decades by this lnstitute with salient features and economic traits.<br />
List of all the scientists responsible for this task is also appended. The editors thankfully<br />
acknowledge the significant and meritorious contributions made by all the silkwortn breeders both<br />
past and present and also the team of scientists actively involved at present in the Institute for the<br />
development of superior breeds/hybrids which are invaluable treasures of immense value to Indian<br />
sericulture industry.<br />
The contribution of Japan International Co-operation Agency towarcis the accomplishment of<br />
the production of quality oriented quantitative silk output by giving an helping hand in the<br />
development of productive bivoltine breeds/hybrids is quite laudable. The editors thankfully<br />
acknowledge Dr.Yoshiki Ohtsuki, Dr.Kiyoshi Kawakami and Dr. Hiroaki Yanagawa, JICA team<br />
leaders for their keen interest and encouragement.<br />
The editors wish to place on record their indebtedness to Mr.Akio Yamaguchi, JICA expert,<br />
silkworm breeding forthe constant supporl and also for writingthe foreword forthis publication.<br />
T[e editors also place on record the imrnense interest, encouragement and guidance rendered by<br />
the Japanese experts, Mr.Yasuhisa Mano, Dr.Kunio Takamiya, Ms.Hiroko Matuso, Dr.Toshio<br />
Yamamoto, Dr.Osamu Ninagi, Mr.Yukio Tanaka and Dr.Toshiki Tamura while serving as silkworm<br />
breeding expefis under the JICA programme.<br />
The editors thankfully acknowledge allthose have lent their helping hand directly or indirectly<br />
towards the accomplishment of this task as a consolidated information resource of silkworm breeds<br />
and hybrids. Editors also acknowledge greatfully the supporl and encouragement given by Central<br />
Silk Board authorities. Finally, it is earnestly hoped that this publication finds its way as an hand tool<br />
to those who are in silk industry.<br />
1 5-03-2005<br />
S.B.Dandin<br />
H.K.Basavaraja<br />
N.Suresh Kumar
CONTENTS<br />
1.<br />
)<br />
a<br />
J.<br />
4.<br />
5.<br />
6.<br />
1.<br />
8.<br />
9.<br />
10.<br />
11.<br />
12.<br />
13.<br />
14.<br />
15.<br />
16.<br />
Il.<br />
18.<br />
19.<br />
20.<br />
2r.<br />
22.<br />
na<br />
zJ.<br />
24.<br />
25.<br />
26.<br />
27.<br />
28.<br />
29.<br />
30.<br />
31.<br />
Sericulture in India-Past and present<br />
Sericulture an instrument for employment<br />
generation and alleviation of poverty<br />
Imporlance of silkworm breeds<br />
Early history of Indian silkworm breeds<br />
Traditional polyvoltine hybrid<br />
Polyvoltine breeds and hybrids of the past<br />
Early polyvoltine pure races<br />
Improved polyvoltine races<br />
Productive polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids<br />
Productive Cross Breed (Polyvoltine hybrid) for irrigated zone<br />
Polyvoltine hybrid for rain-fed zone<br />
Characteristics of polyvoltine pure races<br />
Characteristics of polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids<br />
Bivoline races<br />
Bivoltine breeds and hybrids of the past<br />
Bivoltine pure races<br />
Bivoltine hybrids<br />
New productive bivoltine breeds and hybrids<br />
Robust bivoltine breeds and hybrid<br />
Productive bivoltine breed and hybrid for special denier<br />
Sex-limited breeds- A boon for egg producers<br />
Double hybrid for high egg recovery and cocoon crop stability<br />
Bivoltine breeds and hybrid for sub-optimal conditions<br />
Characteristics of bivoltine pure races<br />
Characteristics of bivoltine hybrids<br />
Comparison between Cross Breed and Bivoltine hybrid<br />
Thrust for the future<br />
Silkworm race maintenance and multiplication system<br />
One way system of race maintenance and multiplication<br />
Silkworm hybrids developed and authorizedby CSR&TI, Mysore<br />
Scientists and experls contributed lor development of silkworm breeds<br />
Page<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
4<br />
4<br />
5<br />
B<br />
1l<br />
15<br />
t6<br />
18<br />
I9<br />
2n<br />
20<br />
20<br />
23<br />
25<br />
JJ<br />
35<br />
36<br />
38<br />
40<br />
42<br />
44<br />
46<br />
41<br />
48<br />
49<br />
50<br />
51<br />
ilt
Sericulture in India - Past and present<br />
Indian silk industry has registered a phenomenal growth over the years and presently is accounting<br />
for tnore than 1 8o/o of the global silk production. India has emerged today as the second largest<br />
producer of mulberry raw silk, besides being producing all the five varieties of comrnercially<br />
exploited silks of the world. Such an achievement was made possible as a result of significant<br />
breakthror.rgh made in Research and Development in tropical sericulture. However, the bulk of silk<br />
production comes lrom polyvoltine and polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids, which is largely sr-rited for<br />
handloom sector. There is an urgent need for production of superior warp quality silk to meet<br />
powerloom requirement and which has to come necessarily from bivoltine cocoons. Besides, Indian<br />
silk industry is suffering from two major constraints i.e., low productivity and high production cost.<br />
Bottlenecks in the field of cocoon production have been identified and addressed to a great extent.<br />
The new breeds and hybrids, which have been released in the field, are high yielding and hold<br />
promise for producing international grade silk. Bivoltine production targets can be increased by<br />
providing suitable packages and technical supporl to more number of farmers. Infact, the " new era"<br />
in production of bivoltine has begun with a promise of higher gain for both the primary producers and<br />
reelers alike. Needless to mention that, still more is to be done in achieving the target of enlarging the<br />
production base of bivoltine in the larger interest of sericulture industry in the country and also to<br />
compete in the international market.<br />
Sericulture an instrument for employment generation and alleviation of poverty<br />
The new innovations of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and improved hybrid silkworm<br />
seeds have brought an unparalleled revolution in the silk industry of the southern states in lndia. They<br />
do not call for any special heavy investment as the same are developed to suit the existing socioeconomic<br />
conditions of the farm house-holds. The simplicity in adoption of these technologies and<br />
attractive incotne thereof have great appeal to the farmers with the result that sericulture is spreading<br />
fast in new areas covering practically almost all the districts ofthe southern states. It is also helping in<br />
rapid transformation of the poor sericulture villages into reasonably prosperous rural areas. The new<br />
sericulture technologies are very much farmer oriented and have in fact, transformed sericulture<br />
which used to be a subsidiary rural occupation in the past, into a full time highly remunerative<br />
agricultural activity better than any other cash crops. In view of the high employment potential anrd<br />
remunerative income generation. sericulture has come to be regarded as one oFthe irnportant means<br />
of alleviating rural poverty and ushering in rural prosperity and is therefore, receiving due attention in<br />
rural development programmes both at the State and National levels. In physical terms, the impact of<br />
sericulture research on the development of silk industry in the southern states has been very<br />
spectacular as evident from the quantumjump inproductivity and expansion ofthe industry.<br />
Importance of silkworm breeds<br />
Silkworm breeds and hybrids play a prominent role in deciding silk output and quality. However,<br />
the problems with silkworm breeds have been many and varies in different sericultural regions of the
country. In the nofthern temperate regions, only one rnajor crop during spring season is harvested<br />
which makes sericulture only as a subsidiary occupation. The farmers by and large in southern<br />
tropical regions have reservations about the bivoltine rearings and therefore, the acceptance of<br />
bivoltine hybrids on large scale as choice of seed has remained restricted. Besides, the yield potential<br />
of earlier bivoltine silkworm breeds and hybrids was low with poor cocoon characteristics (high<br />
renditta and low neatness). These aspects made bivoltine rearing less attractive in the rnajor silk<br />
producing areas ofKarnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.<br />
Added to this, the bivoltine hybrid cocoons have always beset with problems of marketing at<br />
remunerative price and thereby till recently it is felt that besides the risl< involved, the rearing of<br />
bivoltine is not economically viable. On the other hand, the reelers are hesitant to offer a higher price<br />
for cocoons because of low price experienced by the reelers which has direct bearing on the<br />
economics of the reeling units. In fact, the private reeling sector has not developed to a stage to<br />
sonsume bivoltine cocoons in arational way because oftl-re cottage structure.<br />
Early history of Indian silkworm breeds<br />
The goal of silkworm breeding is to attarnmaximum productivity in yield and quality. This goal<br />
is achieved by bringing genetic improvement through combination of desired genes by crossing two<br />
selected pure stocks of the silkworm followed by selection. Though, sericulture is introduced as<br />
commercial venture way back in late 17"'sentury, silkworm breeding was initiated only in tr920s.<br />
Basically polyvoltine culture prevailed up to the 50s and indigenous polyvoltine breeds like Pure<br />
Mysore and C.Nichi in South India, Nistari in West Bengal, Sarupat and Moria in the North East were<br />
reared. Though, these breeds were very well adapted and popular in respective regions, their<br />
productivity and quality of silk was strikingly low with very high renditta.<br />
Larvae Pure Mysore Cocoons
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Indigenous race quite popular with the farmers of South India<br />
Low productive race<br />
Characterizedby greenish yellow spindle shaped cocoons<br />
Suitable for subsistence farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic<br />
conditions<br />
More floss percentage (lS-22%)<br />
Very poor post cocoon quality parameters<br />
High renditta (1 l-12)<br />
Larvae C.Nichi Cocoons<br />
t Exotic race quite popular in rainfed areas<br />
t Low productive race<br />
I Characteri zedby typical dumb-bell shaped white cocoons with coarse grains<br />
t Suitable for subsistence farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic conditions<br />
I Very poor post cocoon quality parameters<br />
t Highrenditta(14-15)
Traditional polyvoltine hybrid<br />
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Larvae +- Pure Mysore x C.Nichi<br />
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Cocoons<br />
Traditional polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrid<br />
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i These polyvoltine silkworm hybrids are low in productivity, but better suited for subsistence<br />
farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic conditions , hence popular among<br />
resource poor larmer.<br />
Larvae a- Pure Mysore x NB4D2 + Cocoons<br />
Polyvoltine breeds and hybrids of the past<br />
Attempts made during the 60s to improve the indigenous polyvoltine breeds by introducing the exotic<br />
bivoltine genes has resulted in the evolution of a number of improved polyvoltine breeds namely,<br />
Kolar Gold, Kollegal Jawan, Mysore Princess, Hosa Mysore, Tamil Nadu White, A4E, MBDIY<br />
Dl4b etc.
Early polyvoltine pure races<br />
Larvae Kolar Gold + Cocoons<br />
i Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
I Lorv pr:oductive breed, bLrt better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
I Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
1 Very poor post cocoon quality pararleters, but better than PM and C.nichi<br />
r High renditta ( 10- 1 1<br />
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Larvae<br />
Kollegal Jawan<br />
Cocoons<br />
-----#<br />
0 Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
t Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
i Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
1 very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than pM and c.Nichi<br />
r High renditta ( 10- 1 1)
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Larvae *- Mysore Princess<br />
----a<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
. Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
. Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Characteri zedby white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
. Highrenditta(ll-12)<br />
Larvae Hosa Mysore + Cocoons<br />
o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 70s<br />
o Parentage : PM x A4E<br />
o Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
r Charactertzedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Sometimes hibernating eggs appear<br />
o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, butbetter than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Highrenditta(11-12)
Early polyvoltine pure races<br />
Larvae Kolar Gold Cocoons<br />
I Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
0 Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
r Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
t Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
1 Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.nichi<br />
I Highrendirta(10-1i)<br />
Larvae Kollegal Jawan -----# Cocoons<br />
I Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
t Lorv productive breed, but betterthanPM and C.Nichi<br />
0 Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
1 very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and c.Nichi<br />
r Highrenditta(10-11)
Larvae {- Mysore Princess Cocoons<br />
. Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s<br />
o Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho)<br />
o Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Characterizedby white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
. Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Highrendita(ll-12)<br />
Larvae {-- Hosa Mysore + Cocoons<br />
o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 70s<br />
o Parentage : PM x A4E<br />
o Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Characrerrzedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Sometimes hibernating eggs appear<br />
o Very poorpost cocoon quality parameters, butbetterthan PM and C.Nichi<br />
o High renditta ( 1 1- 12)
Larvae Tamil Nadu White Cocoons<br />
o DevelopedbyDOSTamilNadu<br />
o Parentage :PM xJl22<br />
o Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o Characterrzedby white elongated spindle shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi<br />
o High renditta ( l2- 13)<br />
r<br />
Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and<br />
better neatness and reelability<br />
o Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
Cocoons are light greenishyellow and intermediate in shape<br />
r<br />
o Total larval duration is22-23 days<br />
o Renditta is about 9<br />
r Gives 10-15% higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xNB4D2<br />
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Larvae * Hosa Mysorex NB18 + Cocoons
Though, the exploitation of the cross breeds was realized as early as 1920, it is only during 70s,<br />
development of- improved rearing technology paved the way for introduction of polyvoltine x<br />
bivoltine hybrids using the bivoltine breeds evolved during 70s. This has resulted in the lilear<br />
improvement of cocoon yield and silk content, as a result renditta was brought down considerably.<br />
Dtrring 80s, new brec'ding approaches were initiated to evolve polyvoltines with shorler larval<br />
duration, high silk couteut and better quality silk. Breeds like, MY 1, RD 1, P2D I were developed. By<br />
crossing these races with bivoltines namely, NB 1B and NB4D2 as male components, three hybrids<br />
were developed and authorized in 1995.<br />
Improved polyvoltine races<br />
Larvae MY1 Cocoons<br />
r Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 80s<br />
o Parentage : Pure Mysore x Nistari<br />
o Higher cocoon yield than PM<br />
o Plain larvae with shorler larval durationthan pure Mysore<br />
o Characterized by light greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Better post cocoon quality parameters than pure Mysore<br />
o High rendirta (IL-12)
Larvae RD1 Cocoons<br />
o l)eveloped by CSRTI, Mysore during 80s<br />
o Parentage : Rong Dazao<br />
o Higher cocoon yield than Pure Mysore<br />
o Marked larvae<br />
e Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons<br />
o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
o High renditta (13-14)<br />
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Larvae P2D1 Cocoons<br />
o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 80s<br />
o Parentage:(PMx Darzo) xNB2C1<br />
o Higher cocoon yield than Pure Mysore<br />
o Plain larvae<br />
o Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
o High renditta (10-11)
Larvae a-<br />
MY1 X NB1B<br />
Cocoons<br />
Parentage of MY1 : Pure Mysore x Nistarr<br />
Higher cocoon yield<br />
-+<br />
Shorter larval duration when compared to PM x NB4D2.<br />
Recommended for rearing in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam<br />
RD1 X NB18 __-*<br />
Cocoons<br />
Parentage ofRDl :Rong Dazao<br />
Robust, shofter larval duration.<br />
Require acidtreatment<br />
Recommended forrain-fed areas during summer and early autumn ofup<br />
10
Larvae P2D1X NBIB + Cocoons<br />
. Parentage ofP2D1 :( PM x Daizo) xNB2C1<br />
. High yielding rvith longer filament length<br />
. Recommended for irrigated areas ofAP, West Bengal, Orissa, MP and UP.<br />
Productive polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids<br />
During the 90s, new poll.voltine breeds like BL23 andBL2l were evolved using the indigenous<br />
and exotic genetic resollrces through hybridization and selection. The hybrids BL23 x NB4D2 for<br />
rainf-ed areas and BL24 x NB4D2 for irrigated areas r.vere tested with the farmers on large scale.<br />
Tlrese hybrids u'ere authorized at the national level in 1991 .<br />
Larvae BL23 Cocoons<br />
o Do,eloped by CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : ( Oval x A2) x ( Oval x Daizo)<br />
o Higher cocoolt yield than Pure Mysore<br />
o Plain larvae<br />
o Charactertzed by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore<br />
o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
r Recommended for rain-fbd areas of South India<br />
o High renditta (10-11)<br />
11
Larvae BL24 Cocoons<br />
r Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : Hosa Mysore, Nistari, Pure Mysore andNBT<br />
r Highercocoonyieldthan PureMysore<br />
o Plain larvae<br />
o Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
o Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore<br />
o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
o Recommended for irrigated areas of South India<br />
o High renditta ( 1 0- 1 1)<br />
Larvae BL23 X NB4D2 --# Cocoons<br />
o Parentage of BL23 : ( Oval x A2) x ( Oval x Daizo)<br />
Characteri zedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and<br />
better neatness with higher reelability as compared to PM x C.Nichi<br />
o Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
o Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape<br />
o Total larval duration is22-23 days<br />
12
. Gives higher yield than existing hybrid, PM x C.Nichi<br />
. Floss with reference to shell is less ( 4.8%)<br />
o Recommendedforrain-fedareas.<br />
Larvae BL24 X NB4D2 Cocoons<br />
. Parentage of BL24 : HosaMysore, Nistari, Pure Mysore andNBT<br />
o Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and<br />
better neatness and reelability<br />
. Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
o Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape<br />
o Total larval duration is22-23 days<br />
o Renditta is about 8<br />
. Gives 10-1S%higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xNB4D2<br />
o Recommended for irrigated areas.<br />
Fufther, attempts to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of polyvoltines resulted in<br />
the development of another productive polyvoltine breed, 8L43.<br />
Larvae BL43 Cocoons<br />
13
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Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
Parentage : Pure Mysore, Hosa Mysore and N istari<br />
Higher cocoon yieldthan Pure Mysore<br />
Piain larvae<br />
Characterizedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains<br />
Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore<br />
Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
Recommended for irrigated areas of South lndia<br />
Renditta (9-1 1)<br />
The new productive polyvoltine breed was crossed with bivoltine and a new hybrid<br />
combination, BL43 x NB4D2 (Kapila) with better productivity and quantitative traits than PM x<br />
NB4D2 was identified. The hybrid was authorized by Central Silk Board for commercial<br />
exploitationin2002.<br />
Larvae BL43 X NB4D2+ Cocoons<br />
Parentage of BL43 : Pure Mysore, HosaMysore andNistari<br />
Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and<br />
better neatness and reelability<br />
Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape<br />
Total larval duration is22-23 davs<br />
Renditta is about 8<br />
Gives l0-15% higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xN84D2<br />
Recommended for irrigated areas.<br />
14
Productive Cross Breed (Polyvoltine hybrid) for irrigated zone<br />
Recently, lbr the irrigated area, one more highly productive polyvoltine breed, BL67 with<br />
better productivity and quality traits than Pure Mysore was developed.<br />
Larvae<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage:BL24x BL2l<br />
r Highercocoonyieldthan PureMysore<br />
o Plain larvae<br />
o Characterizedby light greenish yellow eiongated oval shaped cocoons with medium to coarse grains<br />
o Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore<br />
o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore<br />
o Recommended for irrigated areas of South India<br />
r Renditta (8-9)<br />
The new breed was crossed with bivoltine and the new polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrid. Cauvery<br />
(BL67 x CSR101) has been identified with better productivity traits, high silk recovery with 6.5-7.0<br />
renditta and "A" grade silk. The hybrid is being tested on large scale r.vith the farmers of Karnataka,<br />
Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The hybrid recorded an average cocoon yield of 54 kg/100 dfls. The<br />
cocoonsfetchedhigherrateofRs. l5-20perkgwithAgradesilkwhencomparedtoPMxNB4D2.<br />
Larvae F Cau BL67XCSR101)+ Cocoons<br />
15
. Parentage ofBL67 :BL24xBL27<br />
' Highlyproductivewithsurvival>gTYo,cocoonshellratioaround 20%and,rendittaaround6.5<br />
. Overall silk grade A<br />
o Recommended for irrigated areas of South Inclia<br />
. Tolerant to high temperature and BmNpV.<br />
Polyvoltine hybrid for rain-fed zone<br />
To replace the existing PM x C'Nichi in rain-fed areas, a new polyvoltine x polyvolrine hybrid.<br />
varuna (8L24 x c'Nichi) with high survival and better productivity traits has been developed. The<br />
averagecocoonyieidis3lkg/l00dflsandrendittaof 10-ll ascomparedto 23kglrOOdfls and,12-13<br />
renditta realised for the popular hybrid, PM x c.Nichi. cocoons of the hybrid is fetching Rs.g_ l0/_<br />
more per kg as compared to the control hybrid, pM x c.Nichi,<br />
Larvae ( BL24X C.Nichi (Varuna) --* Cocoons<br />
o charact erized'by its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and<br />
better neatness with higher reelabiiity as compar.a ,o pv x c.Nichi<br />
o Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
' cocoons are rightgreenish yeilow and intermediate in shape<br />
. Gives higheryield than exisring hybrid, pM x C.Nichi<br />
o Recommended lor rain_fed areas.<br />
of late' realizing the productivity potentialof cSR breeds, csR2 was crossed with pure Mysore<br />
and released to the farmers in the name of Kolar Gold and gaine-;;;#;;y<br />
the<br />
sericulturists of South India.<br />
16
Larvae F PM X CSR2 (Kolar Gold) # Cocoons<br />
Characteri zedby its rob ustness<br />
Higher reelability as compared to PM x NB4D2<br />
Lawae are plain and bluish white in colour<br />
Cocoons are light greenish yellow<br />
Hybrid cocoons with oblong shape<br />
Gives higher yield than existing hybrid, PM x NB4D2<br />
17
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I9
Bivoltine breeds and hybrids of the past<br />
BIVOLTINE RACES<br />
During 70s, efforts were made to develop bivoltine breeds by extraction of lines frorn the<br />
single and double hybrids of exotic origin. A number of productive bivoltine breeds like NB7,<br />
NB18, NB4D2 at Mysore, KA, KB at Kalimpong, SH6, yS3 at Dehradun, JlI2, J122, Cl l0,<br />
C108 at Kashmir ( exotic collection) were evolved.<br />
Bivoltine pure races<br />
Larvae KA Cocoons<br />
a<br />
o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
a<br />
o<br />
O<br />
Developed at RSRS Kalimpong during 70s<br />
Parentage : ( N122x C1l0) x ( N124 x Ct24)<br />
Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
Bright white oval shaped cocoons with mediurn grains<br />
Cocoon shell ratio : I8-l9o/o<br />
Raw silk percentage : 15-16 %<br />
Fibre quality : 2.A grade<br />
Larvae<br />
NB4D2<br />
Cocoons<br />
20<br />
--*
Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s<br />
o Parentage : ( Koko x Seihaku) x ( Nl 24xCl24)<br />
r Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
r Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
r Cocoon shell ratio : I8-I9%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : 15-16%<br />
o Fibre quality :24. grade<br />
Larvae N87 Cocoons<br />
o Devcloped at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s<br />
o Parentage : Kinshu x Sl-ron,a<br />
o Plain larvae x'ith bluish white body colour<br />
Bright rvhite oval shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
r<br />
o Cocoon sheil ratio : 18-19%<br />
o Raw sill< pcrcentage : 14-15<br />
c o/o<br />
Fibre qLrality : 2,A grade<br />
Larvae NB18 Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s<br />
r Parentage:( Koko x Seihaku) x (Nl24xC124)<br />
21
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 18-19%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : 15-16 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A grade<br />
Larvae CC1 Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 80s<br />
o Parentage:(NB7 xNB-1) x (KAx SPCI)<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
e Bright white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio :22-23%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : 16-17 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A -3A grade<br />
Larvae *_ CA2 _-_* Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 80s<br />
o Parentage :NB7 x SPC2<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
22
o Cocoon shellratio: 22-23%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage: 16-17 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A-3Agrade<br />
Bivoltine hybrids<br />
Bivoltine x bivoltine hybrids like KA xNN6D, KA xNB4D2, NB7 x NB 18, CC I xNB 4D2,CL2<br />
x NB4D2 were found highly promising initially. However, this could not make a significant dent<br />
because polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids gained stupendous popr"rlarity among the farmers.<br />
Accordingly, the bivoltines were used only as male cornponents for cross breed preparation and PM x<br />
N84D2 became verypopular in South andNistarixN84D2 in West Bengal.<br />
Characteristics of KA x NN6D<br />
o ParentageofKA : (N122 xC110)x(NI24xcl24)<br />
c Parentage ofNN6D : Chinese Race (NanNung 6D)<br />
. Hybri
Larvae #-<br />
o Parentage ofNBT : Kinshu x Showa<br />
NB7 X NBIB<br />
----_-4<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Parentage ofNB 1B : (Koko x Seihaku) x (N I 24 xCI24)<br />
. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio ( 1 8- I 9%) and raw silk recovery ( 14- l5%)<br />
o Fibre quality:2A grade<br />
. Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Cocoons are bright white with interrnediate shape and rnedium grains<br />
. Renditta: 8-9<br />
Larvae +- cc1 x NB4D2 _+ Cocoons<br />
. Parentage of CC 1 : NB7 x SPC2<br />
. Parentage ofNB4D2 :(Kokox Seihaku) x(N124xC124)<br />
. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio (20-22%) and raw silk recovery (17 -19%)<br />
. Fibre quality: 2.A grade<br />
. Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
. Cocoons are bright white with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
o Renditta:J-8<br />
24
Larvae CA2XNB4D2 + Cocoons<br />
o Parentage of CA2 : (NB7 x NB-1) x ( KA x SPCi)<br />
o Parentage ofNB4D2: (Koko x Seihaku) x (N124xC124)<br />
. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio (20-22%)and raw silk recove ry (17 -Ig%)<br />
o Fibre quality :2A grade<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Cocoons are bright white with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
. Renditta: 7.-8<br />
New productive bivoltine breeds and hybrids<br />
The bivoltine breeds developed earlier could not be popularized as the shell ratio realized at the<br />
commercial level was around 18- I 90/o only which is slightly higher than cross breeds. Hence, efforts<br />
were made under JICA, an Indo-Japanese collaborative project, to evolve hybrids with high survival<br />
and cocoon shell ratio ( above 23%) coupled with better reeling traits. As a result, five hybrids<br />
namely, CSR2 x CSR4, CSR2 x CSR5, CSR3 x CSR6, CSR12 x CSR6 and CSRI6 x CSR17 were<br />
identifled as highly productive hybrids and were authorized by CSB for commercial exploitation<br />
during the years 1991-1999.<br />
25
Larvae CSR2 Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
r Parentage : Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to rnedium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 24-26%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : 19-20%<br />
o Fibre quality :2A-4Agrade<br />
Larvae<br />
CSR4<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : (BNl8 X BCS25)XNB4D2 --*<br />
Productive breed with better - post cocoon parameters<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to mediurn grains<br />
Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : 17-18 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A -4A grade<br />
26
Larvae 23.}oh andraw silko% 19-20)<br />
were authortzed(1997) and are being exploited commercially on a large scale at farmers level during<br />
favourable months (Sep.-Feb.). These hybrids recorded an average cocoon yield of 65kg/1OOdfls.<br />
Both the hybrids and their reciprocals recorded renditta on an average of 6.0 and produced quality<br />
silk of 2A to 44 grade.<br />
Larvae #<br />
CSR2 X CSR4<br />
o Parentage ofCSR2 : Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
o Parentage of CSR4 : ( BN 18 x BCS25) xNB4D2<br />
27<br />
-+<br />
Cocoons
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
Productive hybrid and easy to handle by farmers under hygienic conditions<br />
Hybrid with high coc oon shell ratio (22-24%) and raw silk recove ry ( | 9 -20%)<br />
Better fibre quali ty (2A-4 A)<br />
Rearing during favourable months in southern states and spring in Jammu and Kashmir province,<br />
Uttaranchal, HP, etc.,<br />
Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
cocoons are brightwhite with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
Better return for cocoon producer and reeler<br />
Renditta : 5.6-6.1<br />
Larvae {--- CSR2 X CSRS Cocoons<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
o<br />
a<br />
Parentage of CSR2 : Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
Parentage of CSR5 : Shunreix Shogetsu<br />
Productive hybrid and easy to handle by farmers underhygienic conditions<br />
Plain larvae with creamish white body colour<br />
Cocoons are creamish white with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
Hybrid with high cocoons shell ratio (23-25%)und.u* silk recove ry ( 19-20%)<br />
Betler fibre quality (2A-4A)<br />
Rendina:5.6-6.1<br />
Three productive hybrids, csR3 x csR6, csRl2 x cSR6 and CSR16 x CSR17 and their<br />
reciprocal crosses ( raw silk percentage : 18-20 and,2 A to 34 grade silk) were authorized J.,ring<br />
1999 for commercial exploitation during favourable months. The hybrids, csR3 x cSR6 and cSR16<br />
x CSR 1 7 recorded an average cocoon yield of 65ikg 1 00 dfls under post authorization trial.<br />
28
'bo'*<br />
Larvae F_<br />
"-'4<br />
L<br />
L-"t<br />
CSR3 _-___-__-_____* Cocoons<br />
h- q<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : (BN 18 x BC25) x CCl<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge colour ( sex-limited)<br />
o Dull white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 23-25%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : lB-20%<br />
o Fibre quality :3A-4Agrade<br />
Larvae<br />
CSRO<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage :Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
-+<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Marked larvae with reddish tinge colour<br />
o Dr"rll white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : 18-20 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A -3A grade<br />
29
Larvae +__ CSR12<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage:(BN18xBCS25) xKA<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge color.rr ( sex-limited)<br />
o Dull white oval shaped cocoons with fineto medium grains<br />
e Cocoon shell ratio : 23-25%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : 18-20%<br />
o Fibre quality :3A-4Agrade<br />
-<br />
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"*r<br />
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Larvae {- CSR16 # Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage (C135 xNl34) xJl4<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Marked larvae with dull white body colour<br />
o White dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to rnedium grains<br />
o Cocoon shellratio: 22-23%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : I7-I8%<br />
o Fibre quality :3A-4Agrade
Larvae CSRl 7 Cocoons<br />
o Devclopcd at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage :(N137xC146)x424<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright r.vhite oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Rawsilkpercentage : 18-20%<br />
o Fibre quality : 34. -4A grade<br />
Larvae {-<br />
CSR3 X CSR6<br />
o Parentage of CSR3 :(BNl8 x BCS25) x CCI ---+<br />
o Parentage of CSR6 : Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
. Productive hybrid with high silk recovery<br />
. Marked larvae with dull white body colour<br />
o The female parent of CSR3 is sex-limited in nature<br />
o Cocoons are dull white with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
. Hybrid withhigh shellratio (23-25%) andraw silkrecovery (19-20%)<br />
. Silk quality parameters are better than CSR2 x CSR4<br />
31<br />
Cocoons
Larvae CSR12 X CSR6 Cocoons<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
o<br />
Parentage of CSR12 :(8N18 x BCS25) x KA<br />
Parentage ofCSR6 : Shunrei x Shogetsu<br />
Marked larvae with dull white body colour<br />
The fernale parent of CSR12 is sex-limited in nature<br />
cocoons are dull white lvith intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
Productive hybrid with high silk recovery<br />
HybLid with h igh shell ratio ( 23-25% )and raw silk recove ry ( 19-20%)<br />
Quality parameters better than CSR2 x CSRrI<br />
Larvae
Robust bivoltine breeds and hybrid<br />
The hot climatic conditions of tropics prevailing particularly in summer are not conducive to rear<br />
high yielding bivoltine hybrids. Considering the importance of developing robust breeds for rearing<br />
especially during unfavourable season ofthe year, CSRl B and CSR19 were evolved..<br />
Larvae F- CSR18 Cocoons<br />
o Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : B20l x BCS l2<br />
o Robust breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Developed under high temperature (36+1"C) and high humidity (85+5% RH) conditions<br />
o Charactenzedby high pupation ( >60%) under hightemperature (36+1'C) andhigh humidity<br />
(85+5% RH) conditions<br />
o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge colour ( sex-limited)<br />
o Larval duration one day less than otherbivoltine breeds<br />
o Creamish white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio :21-23oh<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : 17-18%<br />
e Fibre quality :2,A-3A grade<br />
Larvae +- CSR19<br />
Cocoons<br />
33<br />
--+
o Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s<br />
o Parentage : B201 x BCS 12<br />
o Robust breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Developed under high temperature (36+1"C) and high humidity (85*5% RH) conditions<br />
r Characterizedbyhighpupation (>60%) underhightemperature (36+l "C) andhighhumidity<br />
(85*5% RH) conditions<br />
o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge colour ( sex-limited)<br />
o Larval duration one day less than other bivoltine breeds<br />
o Creamish white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shellratio : 21-22%<br />
r Rawsilkpercentage: l1-18%<br />
o Fibre quality :2A-3Agrade<br />
By utilising these robust breeds, the hybrid combination, CSR18 x CSR19 was developecl<br />
which was authorized by CSB in 1998 for commercial exploitation throughout the year. The hybrid<br />
recorded an average yield of 50 kg per 100 dfls during summer months<br />
Larvae CSR18 X CSR19 Cocoons<br />
o ParentageofCSRl8 :8201 xBCS12<br />
o Parentage of CSRIg 8201x BCS 12<br />
o Robust hybrid developed under high temperature (36* 1'C) and high humidity 85+5% RH)<br />
conditions.<br />
o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge in colour ( Sex-limited)<br />
o Larval duration one day less than productive hybrids ( CSR2 x CSR4)<br />
. Consumes less leaf ( 100- 150 kg/100 dfls) than productive hybrids (CSR2 x CSR4).<br />
. Hybrid charucterized by high pupation r ate (>80%o) under high temperature (3 6+ 1 'C)<br />
conditions.<br />
o Creamish white cocoons<br />
. Cocoonyield:50-60 kg/l00 dfls<br />
o Better fibre quality (2A-3A)<br />
34
Productive bivoltine breed and hybrid for special denier<br />
To cater to the need of thin denier for the production of f-rner fabric, directional breeding has been<br />
carried out and a new new productive bivoltine breed, CSR4B has been evolved with longer filament<br />
length ( > 1500 m) andthin denier (2 d).<br />
Larvae ts- csR4B --_----+ cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000<br />
o Parentage : JPNS<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
o Thin denier breed (2 d) with longer filament length ( > 1500 m)<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : lB-20 %<br />
o Fibre quality :3A -4A grade<br />
By utlising the thin denier breed, CSR48 a productive hybrid , CSR48 x CSR4 has been<br />
identified for longer filament length of more than 1400 m with thin denier of less than2.4.<br />
Larvae €-<br />
CSR48 X CSR4 ------+ Cocoons<br />
35
a<br />
o<br />
a<br />
o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
Parentage of CSR48 :JPN8<br />
Parentage ofCSR4 : ( BN 1 8 x BCS25) xNB4D2<br />
Productive hybrid with high silk recovery<br />
More robustthan CSR2 x CSR4<br />
Plain larvae with bluish body colour<br />
Cocoons are white with intermediate shape and medium grains<br />
Hybrid with high shell ratio (23-25% )and raw silk recove ry (19-20%)<br />
Longer filament length ( > 1500 m) and thin denier (2.2to2.4 d)<br />
Quality parameters are better than CSR2 x CS R4<br />
Thin denier hybrid,<br />
CSR48 x CSR4<br />
Productive hybrid with longer filament, less<br />
denier and size deviation.<br />
No difference in yield/100 dfls when<br />
compared with CSR2 x CSR4<br />
Good raw material for the manufacture of<br />
Zari,Chiffon and georgette fabric<br />
Sex-limited breeds-A boon for egg producers<br />
Presently more than 90Yo of the total cocoons raised for production of raw silk are from the cross<br />
breeds of indigenous polyvoltine females and males of bivoltine breeds. As a result, the separation of<br />
males and females to prevent selfing is a very important task in the preparation of commercial hybrid<br />
eggs. Because of the practical difficulties in sex separation atlarvalor cocoon stage, the separation of<br />
sexes is generally carried out at pupal stage which is highly skilled, laborious and time consuming,<br />
besides being expensive.<br />
To overcome these drawbacks, two new sex-limited breeds, csR8(sl) and Nandi (csR2-sl) have<br />
been developed which produces yellow coloured female and white coloured male cocoons. This is a<br />
boon to the grainuers as it is not only helping in easy sex separation process but also saves<br />
considerable time, labour and money.<br />
Jb
csRB (sL)<br />
PM X CSR8(SL)<br />
r Parentage of CSRB(SL): Japanese hybrid(SL) x NB4D2<br />
o The cross breed silkworm seed producers can purchase only white cocoons as they need only<br />
male moths forthe preparation of cross breed layings.<br />
o p I seed farmers can get more income from white cocoons and yellow cocoons can be marketed<br />
lbr reelirrg<br />
. The egg number is slightly less in CSRS( 450-415) when compared to NB4D2.<br />
o There is no difference in the recovery of eggs between PM x NB4D2 and PM x CSR8. The<br />
cocoon yield is also on par with that of PM x NB4D2.<br />
Similarly, in place of normal CSR2 as male component with PM, the new breed "Nandi (CSR2 -<br />
SL)" with sex-limited for cocoon colour was developed to facilitate easy sex separation based on<br />
cocoon colour at grainages ( yellow cocoon : female and white cocoon : male) .<br />
a<br />
o<br />
Parentage of CSR2(SL) :CSR2 x CC 1(SL)<br />
PM x CSR2(SL) is on par with that of other hybrid, PM x CSR2 and superior over PM x CS RB<br />
and PM x NB4D2 ( control) in yield with marginal improvement in reeling characters.<br />
TheeggnumberisslightlylessinCsR2(SL)( 450-47S)whencomparedtoCsR2(Normal).<br />
37
Double hybrid for high egg recovery and cocoon crop stability<br />
Owing to the existence of negative correlation between high cocoon shell ratio and low pupation rate<br />
in pure races, the handling of these pure races needs more care and attention by seed cocoon farmers.<br />
Keeping this in mind, the double hybrid, (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) has been selected for<br />
commercialization.<br />
Parents of double hybrid (Referpage 31 for CSR2 and page 34for CSR6)<br />
Larvae csR26<br />
--*_#<br />
Cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000<br />
o Parentage: C135xN134<br />
Productive breed with better post-cocoon parameters<br />
r<br />
Marked larvae with dull white body colour<br />
White dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
Raw silkpercentage : 1l-18%<br />
o Fibre quality :2A-3Agrade<br />
.ry"-:-.€f '€<br />
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Larvae<br />
csR27 __+<br />
38<br />
Cocoons
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000<br />
o Parentage : Thaihei x Choan<br />
o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 23-24%<br />
o Raw silk percentage : l8-20 %<br />
o Fibre quality :2A -3A grade<br />
Larvae
Bivoltine breed and hybrid lbr sub-optimal conditions<br />
By introgression the amylase genes from the popular polyvoltine breeds, Pure Mysore and Nistari<br />
into CSR2 and CSR5 two breeds namely, GEN3 and GEN2 were evolved.<br />
Larvae GEN3 _*__€ cocoons<br />
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000<br />
r Parentage : Pure Mysore and CSR2<br />
o Developed by introgressing amylase genes from polyvoltine race, Pure Mysore<br />
r Robust breed tvith better post cocoon parameters<br />
o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under sub-optimal conditions<br />
ofnutrition ( leaf quality) and rearing management<br />
o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour<br />
o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : lB-19%<br />
o Fibre quality :2A- 3,{ grade<br />
o Recommended for rearing throughout the year<br />
Larvae GEN2 Cocoons<br />
40
o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000<br />
o Parentage :Nistari and CSR5<br />
o I)eveloped by introgressing arnylase genes from polyvoltine race, Nistari<br />
o Robust breed r.vith better post cocoon parameters<br />
o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under sub-optimal conditions<br />
ofriutrition ( leaf quality) and rearing management<br />
o Plain larvae with dull white body colour<br />
o Creamishwhite dumb-bellshapedcocoonsrvithfineto mediumgrains<br />
o Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23%<br />
o Raw silkpercentage : l8-I9%<br />
o Fibre quality :2A-3A grade<br />
o Recornrnended for rearing throughout the year<br />
By utilising these breeds, the hybrid, GEN3 x GEN2 with higher amylase activity has been<br />
developed<br />
Larvae ts- GEN3XGEN2 + Cocoons<br />
o Parentage of GEN3 :Pure Mysore and CSR2<br />
o Parentage ofGEN2: Nistari and CSR5<br />
o Developed by introgressing amylase genes from polyvoltine races-Pure Mysore<br />
andNistari : into CSR2 and CSR5.<br />
. Plain larvae, Creamish white cocoons with intermediate shape<br />
o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under suboptimal<br />
conditions of nutrition (leaf quality) andrearing management<br />
. Cocoonyieldi 100 dfls:60-65 kg<br />
o Easyrearing under sub-optimal conditions<br />
. Recommended for rearing throughout the year<br />
41
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Comparison between Cross Breed and Bivoltine hybrid<br />
Cross Breed (Pure MysorexNB4Dz)<br />
Bivoltine (CSR2xCSR4)
Thrust for the iuture<br />
Indra is now on the threshold of fi;rther vitalizins the silk industrr., focusing attention on the quality<br />
b !rrv rrrrL rrruueLrJ iv-!uo:rrt<br />
and production cost rather than quantity alone" To realize the dream of producing large quantity of<br />
high quality international grade silk at a competitive price, a sustainable tropical bivoltine sericulture<br />
technology has to be refined and popularised. The general opinion is that the bivoltine hybrids do not<br />
display crop stability with the farmers as compared to polyvoltine x bivoltine cross breeds . The<br />
reasons attributed to such instability are that the bivoitines suffer badly in adverse conditions like<br />
high ternperature and high/low humidity, low marragement, poor quality of mulberry and crop losses<br />
due to diseases etc" As a result, yield gap and instability are some of the constraints coming in the<br />
way of rapid progress of bivoltine sericuiture programme. To address these constraints and to suit the<br />
varied agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions prevalent in India, development and<br />
popularrzatron of location specific and trait specific suitable silkworm breeds is of utmost<br />
rmportance.<br />
To meet these challenges, intensified and sharp focused silkworm breeding programme emphasizing<br />
on breeding for disease resistance, optimal and sub-optimal conditions, special characters to match<br />
the industrial requirement, development of economically viable sex-limited breeds, induction of<br />
female lethality and production of rnale silkworm for high silk content, directional breeding using the<br />
molecular biology tools to develop novel silkworm breeds to use as breeding resource material are<br />
the needs ofthe hour. This could be accomplished by mobilization of the genetic resources across the<br />
institutes and the combining ability studies of races evolved in different institutions could be taken<br />
up as a multi-institutional approach.<br />
47
,silkworm race maintenaRee amd murlfiplication system<br />
:!<br />
Success of bivoltine cocooR production lies in the maintena-nee a'nd multiplication of authorized<br />
parental silkworm races for commercial utilization. The production of hybrid eggs for commercial<br />
rearing involves a long chain of iridependent and specialized operations right from the systematic<br />
multiplication of races for production of quality cocoons in order to meet the demand of the industry.<br />
Race maintenance is defined as rnaintenance of silkworm breeds conforming to their original<br />
characteristics. It is the responsibiliry of the silkworm breeders to maintain the breeder,s stock<br />
(Parental breeds) after authorizationofthe hybrids for commercial rearing.<br />
Large number of polyvoltine ancl bivoltine breeds have been developed by different institutes. The<br />
productive bivoltine breeds are recommended for multiplication during favourable months ( Sept.-<br />
Feb') at selected Basic Seed Farms. In the three tier system being practiced in India for the past 3<br />
decades indicated the deterioration iu the quality ofthe cocoons produced and are not in conformity<br />
with the original character. This may be attributed to the following factors such as intensity of cocoon<br />
selection, unskilled/poor knowledge of staff in-charge of maintenance and multiplication and<br />
exposing the breeds to adverse conditions at different levels of maintenance and multiplication. To<br />
maintain the purify and vigour of the basic stocks and also to avoid repeated multiplication of same<br />
stock, one-way system of multiplication(P4- Pl) is of utmost importance. The breeder,s stock<br />
maintenance should be the responsibility of the breeders of Research Institutes. It is the<br />
responsibility of the breeders and P4 station to maintain the original breed characteristics without<br />
any deterioration/deviation. Consequently, a new one-way system oI race maintenance has been<br />
introduced for quality seedproduetion andhybrid vigour. The details are shown inthe flowchart.<br />
4B
One way system of race maintenance and multiplication<br />
Breeders stock maintenance<br />
CSRTI, Mysore<br />
Responsibitrity of breeders and supply of eggs<br />
P4 centre once in a year<br />
to<br />
I<br />
v<br />
P4 BSn Hassan<br />
I<br />
P3 BSFs<br />
Maintenance and supply of eggs to P3 centre<br />
Multiplication and supply of eggs to P2 centre<br />
Mulitplication and supply of eggs to Pl seed farmers<br />
J<br />
Selected P1 seed<br />
rearers<br />
Quality seed cocoon production and purchase by<br />
egg production centres<br />
production<br />
i<br />
Hybrid rearing at<br />
commercial farmers<br />
Supply of eggs to commercial farmers<br />
Quality F1 cocoon production<br />
49
Silkworm hybrids developed and authorized by CSR&TI, Mysore<br />
Sl.No. Name of the hybrid Year of<br />
development/authorization<br />
Bivoltine hybrids<br />
1<br />
2<br />
a<br />
J<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
1<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
11<br />
KA x NN6D<br />
KA x NB4D2<br />
NB7 x NB18<br />
CCI x NB4D2<br />
CA2 x NB4D2<br />
CSR2 x CSR4<br />
CSR2 x CSR5<br />
CSR18 x CSRl9<br />
CSR3 x CSR6<br />
CSR12 x CSR6<br />
CSR16 x CSR17<br />
I 970s<br />
1980s<br />
t991<br />
i999<br />
12 CSR48 x CSR4 2004<br />
13 PM x CSRS(SL) 2004<br />
1A t+ PM XCSR2(SL) 2044<br />
l5 (CSR2 x CSR27) x (CSR6 x CSR26) 2044<br />
t6 GEII3 x GEN2 2004<br />
Polyvoltine x Bivoltine hybrids<br />
1<br />
2<br />
J<br />
MYl x NB 18<br />
P2DI x NBi8<br />
RD1 x NB18<br />
1995<br />
4 BL23 x NB4D2<br />
5 BL24 x NB4D2 1991<br />
6 8L.43 x NB4D2 (Kapila) 2002<br />
..|<br />
,FL67 x CSR201 (Cauvery) 2004<br />
8 BL24 x C.lt{ichi ( Varuna) 2044<br />
50
Scientists ancl experts contributed for development of silkworm breeds<br />
Indian Scientists<br />
1. Dr.E,.S.Narayan<br />
2. Dr.N.S.Siclhu<br />
3. Dr.S.Krislrrtltswltttti<br />
4. Dr.M.S.Jolly<br />
-5. Dr.M.N.Narasimhtrnna.<br />
6. Dr.K.SengLrpta<br />
1. Dr.R.K.Datta<br />
8. Dr.S.B.Dandirr<br />
9. Dr'.K.V.Bcnchamin<br />
10. Dr.S.Raje Urs<br />
ll. Dr.Chanclrasl-rekaraiah<br />
12. Dr.M.V.Sarnson<br />
13. Dr.M.M.Ahsarr<br />
14. Shri.M.N.S.Iyengar<br />
15. Shri.M.K.R.Noarnani<br />
16. Dr.S.N.Chatterjee<br />
11. Dr.R.G.Geethaclevi<br />
18. Srnt.NusarathMuneera<br />
19. Smt.G.Prabha<br />
20. Shri.K.Vijayaraghavatr<br />
21. Dr.K.P.Jayaswal<br />
22. Shri.B.K.Kariappa<br />
23. Dr.H.K.Basavaraja<br />
24. Dr.Puttaswan-iyGowda<br />
25. Mr.Dwarakinath<br />
16. Dr.B.Natalaju<br />
2'/. M"'.N.K.Ganesh<br />
28. Shri.C.S.Nagaraj<br />
29. Dr.K.P.Jaytrnth<br />
30. Dr.G.D Pershad<br />
31. Shri.Viswanath Kannantha<br />
32. Dr.S.B.Magclum<br />
33. Dr.J.Nagaraju<br />
34. Dr.D.V.Bhat<br />
35. Smt.G.S.Vindhya<br />
36. Dr.Mala. V.Rajan<br />
31. Dr.S.Nirrnal Kumar<br />
38. Srnt.KshantaGiridhar<br />
39. Mr.Mallrkarjunu<br />
40. Shri.P.G.Joge<br />
4l . Dr.Ravindra Singh<br />
42. Dr.A.Naseema Begum<br />
43. Dr.S.K.Ashwarth<br />
44. Mr.H.V.VijayaKumar<br />
45. Dr.P.Ratnamohana Rao<br />
46. Dr. N. D. Bharadwaj<br />
41. Dr.Ratna Sen<br />
48. Dr.S.K.Bhargava<br />
49. Smt.V.Premalatha<br />
50. Dr.D.RaghavendraRao<br />
51. Dr.M.Ramesh Babu<br />
52. Dr.V.N.Sudha<br />
53. Dr.N.Suresh Kumar<br />
54. Dr.N.Mal Reddy<br />
-55. Shri.P.SudhakaraRao<br />
56" Shri.C.M.KishorKurnar<br />
51. Dr.G.V.Krlpana<br />
58. Smt.Maheswari<br />
59. Mrs.Jula S.Nair<br />
60. Dr.M.N.Morrison<br />
61. Smt.K.K.Shannila<br />
62. Mr.A.K.Palit<br />
63. Mr.K.C.Mahalingappa<br />
64. Smt.S.N.Pallavi<br />
65. Srnt.Umadevi<br />
Japanese advi sors/experts<br />
L Dr.Yatalo TAZIMA<br />
2. Mr.ShoichiSATO<br />
3. Dr.Tatsumachi HIROBE<br />
1. Mr.Yasuhisa MANO<br />
5.. Dr. YoshikiOHTSUKI<br />
6. Dr" Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI<br />
7. Dr.Hiroaki YANAGAWA<br />
B. Dr.Kunio TAKAMIYA<br />
9" Ms.Hiroko MATSUO<br />
10. Mr.AkioYAN/IAGUCHI<br />
11. Dr.Toshio YAMAMOTO<br />
12. Dr"Osamu NINAGI<br />
13. Mr.Yukio TANAKA<br />
14. Dr.Toshiki TAMURA<br />
51