t

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SILICMORM BREEDS AT{D HYBRIDS AT GATORE 

S.El.DANDIN 

H.K. EI,ASAVARAJA 

N.5URESH KUMAR 

2005 

Central Sericultural Research and Training lnstitute 

(Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt.of lndia) 

Srirampura, Mysore- 570 008, Karnataka, lndia

FOREWORil 

In a tropical country like India, there is need to see that 

suitable silkworm breeds/hybrids which can sustain 

themselves in the tropical conditions are developed constantly 

and pushed to the field to meet the demand of hybrids with high 

survival and good quality silk to enable the f-armers to have 

continued interest, besides enabling the reelers to pay 

remunerative price based on silk recovery. In this direction the 

efforls made by the silkwonn breeders of Central Sericultural 

Research and Training Institute, Mysore for the last five 

decades in general and for the 

last one decade in parlicular to develop suitable silkworm 

breeds/hybrids is praise worthy. 

It is also a privilege for the Japan International Co-operation Agency for lending an helping hand 

towards the development of productive bivoltine breeds/hybrids in terms of technical expertise and 

financial assistance. The Japanese experts who were part of this project in recent years are indeed 

very happy to be associated with this great endeavour by the silkworm breeders ofthis Institute. 

Personally, it is a matter of great pleasure and satisfaction for me to note that the silkworm breeders 

of Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore have come out with this valuable 

document of silkworm breeds and hybrids developed by the institute since its inception. 

I congratulate the editors for their efforts of compiling all the available information in to an 

informative publication and their efforts are praise worthy. I am confident that this comprehensive 

document will be an extremely useful reference and an asset for all the scientists involved in 

sericulture research in general and silkworm breeding activity in particular all overthe world. 

I 5-03-2005 

AkioYAMAGUCHI 

Expert, JICA 

CSR&TI, Mysore

PRETACE 

Th. i*pu.t of sericulture research on the development of silk industry in the southern states has 

been very spectacular as evident from the quantum jump in productivity and inconte to the farmers. 

The new innovations of rnulberry varieties and cultivation, improved silkworm hybrids and 

silkworm rearing have brought an unparalleled revolution in the silk industry of the southern states 

in lndia. L-Inambiguously, ii is also evident that the production of good quality raw silk is based 

primarily on qualiiy cocoons which in turn depends mainly on the superior silkworm breeds. In f-act, 

ih. i*p-uenient of silkworm breeds for higher cocoon yield is the most direct and efficient way to 

achieve good quality raw silk. Accordingiy, over the last fifty years, improvement of silkworm 

breeds has playid a pivotal role in boosting the silk production in lndia in general and southern states 

in particular. In this direction, the contribution of silkworm breeders of Central Sericultural Research 

and Training Institute, Mysore towards the development of superior silkworrn hybrids is the 

milestone. This document showcases the achievements made so f-ar on the development of superior 

silkworm breeds/hybrids by this premier institute since five decades of its relentless service. 

This document comprises of information on all the silkworm breeds and hybrids developed and 

authorized during the pait five decades by this lnstitute with salient features and economic traits. 

List of all the scientists responsible for this task is also appended. The editors thankfully 

acknowledge the significant and meritorious contributions made by all the silkwortn breeders both 

past and present and also the team of scientists actively involved at present in the Institute for the 

development of superior breeds/hybrids which are invaluable treasures of immense value to Indian 

sericulture industry. 

The contribution of Japan International Co-operation Agency towarcis the accomplishment of 

the production of quality oriented quantitative silk output by giving an helping hand in the 

development of productive bivoltine breeds/hybrids is quite laudable. The editors thankfully 

acknowledge Dr.Yoshiki Ohtsuki, Dr.Kiyoshi Kawakami and Dr. Hiroaki Yanagawa, JICA team 

leaders for their keen interest and encouragement. 

The editors wish to place on record their indebtedness to Mr.Akio Yamaguchi, JICA expert, 

silkworm breeding forthe constant supporl and also for writingthe foreword forthis publication. 

T[e editors also place on record the imrnense interest, encouragement and guidance rendered by 

the Japanese experts, Mr.Yasuhisa Mano, Dr.Kunio Takamiya, Ms.Hiroko Matuso, Dr.Toshio 

Yamamoto, Dr.Osamu Ninagi, Mr.Yukio Tanaka and Dr.Toshiki Tamura while serving as silkworm 

breeding expefis under the JICA programme. 

The editors thankfully acknowledge allthose have lent their helping hand directly or indirectly 

towards the accomplishment of this task as a consolidated information resource of silkworm breeds 

and hybrids. Editors also acknowledge greatfully the supporl and encouragement given by Central 

Silk Board authorities. Finally, it is earnestly hoped that this publication finds its way as an hand tool 

to those who are in silk industry. 

1 5-03-2005 

S.B.Dandin 

H.K.Basavaraja 

N.Suresh Kumar

CONTENTS 

1. 

) 

a 

J. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

1. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

Il. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

2r. 

22. 

na 

zJ. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

Sericulture in India-Past and present 

Sericulture an instrument for employment 

generation and alleviation of poverty 

Imporlance of silkworm breeds 

Early history of Indian silkworm breeds 

Traditional polyvoltine hybrid 

Polyvoltine breeds and hybrids of the past 

Early polyvoltine pure races 

Improved polyvoltine races 

Productive polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids 

Productive Cross Breed (Polyvoltine hybrid) for irrigated zone 

Polyvoltine hybrid for rain-fed zone 

Characteristics of polyvoltine pure races 

Characteristics of polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids 

Bivoline races 

Bivoltine breeds and hybrids of the past 

Bivoltine pure races 

Bivoltine hybrids 

New productive bivoltine breeds and hybrids 

Robust bivoltine breeds and hybrid 

Productive bivoltine breed and hybrid for special denier 

Sex-limited breeds- A boon for egg producers 

Double hybrid for high egg recovery and cocoon crop stability 

Bivoltine breeds and hybrid for sub-optimal conditions 

Characteristics of bivoltine pure races 

Characteristics of bivoltine hybrids 

Comparison between Cross Breed and Bivoltine hybrid 

Thrust for the future 

Silkworm race maintenance and multiplication system 

One way system of race maintenance and multiplication 

Silkworm hybrids developed and authorizedby CSR&TI, Mysore 

Scientists and experls contributed lor development of silkworm breeds 

Page 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

4 

5 

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15 

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18 

I9 

2n 

20 

20 

23 

25 

JJ 

35 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

41 

48 

49 

50 

51 

ilt

Sericulture in India - Past and present 

Indian silk industry has registered a phenomenal growth over the years and presently is accounting 

for tnore than 1 8o/o of the global silk production. India has emerged today as the second largest 

producer of mulberry raw silk, besides being producing all the five varieties of comrnercially 

exploited silks of the world. Such an achievement was made possible as a result of significant 

breakthror.rgh made in Research and Development in tropical sericulture. However, the bulk of silk 

production comes lrom polyvoltine and polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids, which is largely sr-rited for 

handloom sector. There is an urgent need for production of superior warp quality silk to meet 

powerloom requirement and which has to come necessarily from bivoltine cocoons. Besides, Indian 

silk industry is suffering from two major constraints i.e., low productivity and high production cost. 

Bottlenecks in the field of cocoon production have been identified and addressed to a great extent. 

The new breeds and hybrids, which have been released in the field, are high yielding and hold 

promise for producing international grade silk. Bivoltine production targets can be increased by 

providing suitable packages and technical supporl to more number of farmers. Infact, the " new era" 

in production of bivoltine has begun with a promise of higher gain for both the primary producers and 

reelers alike. Needless to mention that, still more is to be done in achieving the target of enlarging the 

production base of bivoltine in the larger interest of sericulture industry in the country and also to 

compete in the international market. 

Sericulture an instrument for employment generation and alleviation of poverty 

The new innovations of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and improved hybrid silkworm 

seeds have brought an unparalleled revolution in the silk industry of the southern states in lndia. They 

do not call for any special heavy investment as the same are developed to suit the existing socioeconomic 

conditions of the farm house-holds. The simplicity in adoption of these technologies and 

attractive incotne thereof have great appeal to the farmers with the result that sericulture is spreading 

fast in new areas covering practically almost all the districts ofthe southern states. It is also helping in 

rapid transformation of the poor sericulture villages into reasonably prosperous rural areas. The new 

sericulture technologies are very much farmer oriented and have in fact, transformed sericulture 

which used to be a subsidiary rural occupation in the past, into a full time highly remunerative 

agricultural activity better than any other cash crops. In view of the high employment potential anrd 

remunerative income generation. sericulture has come to be regarded as one oFthe irnportant means 

of alleviating rural poverty and ushering in rural prosperity and is therefore, receiving due attention in 

rural development programmes both at the State and National levels. In physical terms, the impact of 

sericulture research on the development of silk industry in the southern states has been very 

spectacular as evident from the quantumjump inproductivity and expansion ofthe industry. 

Importance of silkworm breeds 

Silkworm breeds and hybrids play a prominent role in deciding silk output and quality. However, 

the problems with silkworm breeds have been many and varies in different sericultural regions of the

country. In the nofthern temperate regions, only one rnajor crop during spring season is harvested 

which makes sericulture only as a subsidiary occupation. The farmers by and large in southern 

tropical regions have reservations about the bivoltine rearings and therefore, the acceptance of 

bivoltine hybrids on large scale as choice of seed has remained restricted. Besides, the yield potential 

of earlier bivoltine silkworm breeds and hybrids was low with poor cocoon characteristics (high 

renditta and low neatness). These aspects made bivoltine rearing less attractive in the rnajor silk 

producing areas ofKarnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 

Added to this, the bivoltine hybrid cocoons have always beset with problems of marketing at 

remunerative price and thereby till recently it is felt that besides the risl< involved, the rearing of 

bivoltine is not economically viable. On the other hand, the reelers are hesitant to offer a higher price 

for cocoons because of low price experienced by the reelers which has direct bearing on the 

economics of the reeling units. In fact, the private reeling sector has not developed to a stage to 

sonsume bivoltine cocoons in arational way because oftl-re cottage structure. 

Early history of Indian silkworm breeds 

The goal of silkworm breeding is to attarnmaximum productivity in yield and quality. This goal 

is achieved by bringing genetic improvement through combination of desired genes by crossing two 

selected pure stocks of the silkworm followed by selection. Though, sericulture is introduced as 

commercial venture way back in late 17"'sentury, silkworm breeding was initiated only in tr920s. 

Basically polyvoltine culture prevailed up to the 50s and indigenous polyvoltine breeds like Pure 

Mysore and C.Nichi in South India, Nistari in West Bengal, Sarupat and Moria in the North East were 

reared. Though, these breeds were very well adapted and popular in respective regions, their 

productivity and quality of silk was strikingly low with very high renditta. 

Larvae Pure Mysore Cocoons

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Low productive race 

Characterizedby greenish yellow spindle shaped cocoons 

Suitable for subsistence farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic 

conditions 

More floss percentage (lS-22%) 

Very poor post cocoon quality parameters 

High renditta (1 l-12) 

Larvae C.Nichi Cocoons 

t Exotic race quite popular in rainfed areas 

t Low productive race 

I Characteri zedby typical dumb-bell shaped white cocoons with coarse grains 

t Suitable for subsistence farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic conditions 

I Very poor post cocoon quality parameters 

t Highrenditta(14-15)

Traditional polyvoltine hybrid 

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i These polyvoltine silkworm hybrids are low in productivity, but better suited for subsistence 

farming condition, fluctuating temperature and poor hygienic conditions , hence popular among 

resource poor larmer. 

Larvae a- Pure Mysore x NB4D2 + Cocoons 

Polyvoltine breeds and hybrids of the past 

Attempts made during the 60s to improve the indigenous polyvoltine breeds by introducing the exotic 

bivoltine genes has resulted in the evolution of a number of improved polyvoltine breeds namely, 

Kolar Gold, Kollegal Jawan, Mysore Princess, Hosa Mysore, Tamil Nadu White, A4E, MBDIY 

Dl4b etc.


Larvae Kolar Gold + Cocoons 

i Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho) 

I Lorv pr:oductive breed, bLrt better than PM and C.Nichi 

I Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

1 Very poor post cocoon quality pararleters, but better than PM and C.nichi 

r High renditta ( 10- 1 1 

) 

Larvae 

Kollegal Jawan 

Cocoons 

-----# 

0 Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho) 

t Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

i Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

1 very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than pM and c.Nichi 

r High renditta ( 10- 1 1)

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Larvae *- Mysore Princess 

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Cocoons 

o Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

. Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho) 

. Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

o Characteri zedby white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

. Highrenditta(ll-12) 

Larvae Hosa Mysore + Cocoons 


o Parentage : PM x A4E 

o Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

r Charactertzedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Sometimes hibernating eggs appear 

o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, butbetter than PM and C.Nichi 

o Highrenditta(11-12)


Larvae Kolar Gold Cocoons 

I Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

0 Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho) 

r Low productive breed, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

t Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

1 Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.nichi 

I Highrendirta(10-1i) 

Larvae Kollegal Jawan -----# Cocoons 

I Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

t Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x( ShungetsuxHosho) 

t Lorv productive breed, but betterthanPM and C.Nichi 

0 Characterized by white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

1 very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and c.Nichi 

r Highrenditta(10-11)

Larvae {- Mysore Princess Cocoons 

. Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 60s 

o Parentage : (PMxNN6D)x(ShungetsuxHosho) 


o Characterizedby white elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

. Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

o Highrendita(ll-12) 

Larvae {-- Hosa Mysore + Cocoons 


o Parentage : PM x A4E 


o Characrerrzedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Sometimes hibernating eggs appear 

o Very poorpost cocoon quality parameters, butbetterthan PM and C.Nichi 

o High renditta ( 1 1- 12)

Larvae Tamil Nadu White Cocoons 

o DevelopedbyDOSTamilNadu 

o Parentage :PM xJl22 


o Characterrzedby white elongated spindle shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Very poor post cocoon quality parameters, but better than PM and C.Nichi 

o High renditta ( l2- 13) 

r 

Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and 

better neatness and reelability 

o Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour 

Cocoons are light greenishyellow and intermediate in shape 

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o Total larval duration is22-23 days 

o Renditta is about 9 

r Gives 10-15% higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xNB4D2 

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Larvae * Hosa Mysorex NB18 + Cocoons

Though, the exploitation of the cross breeds was realized as early as 1920, it is only during 70s, 

development of- improved rearing technology paved the way for introduction of polyvoltine x 

bivoltine hybrids using the bivoltine breeds evolved during 70s. This has resulted in the lilear 

improvement of cocoon yield and silk content, as a result renditta was brought down considerably. 

Dtrring 80s, new brec'ding approaches were initiated to evolve polyvoltines with shorler larval 

duration, high silk couteut and better quality silk. Breeds like, MY 1, RD 1, P2D I were developed. By 

crossing these races with bivoltines namely, NB 1B and NB4D2 as male components, three hybrids 

were developed and authorized in 1995. 

Improved polyvoltine races 

Larvae MY1 Cocoons 

r Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 80s 

o Parentage : Pure Mysore x Nistari 

o Higher cocoon yield than PM 

o Plain larvae with shorler larval durationthan pure Mysore 

o Characterized by light greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Better post cocoon quality parameters than pure Mysore 

o High rendirta (IL-12)

Larvae RD1 Cocoons 

o l)eveloped by CSRTI, Mysore during 80s 

o Parentage : Rong Dazao 

o Higher cocoon yield than Pure Mysore 

o Marked larvae 

e Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons 

o Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore 

o High renditta (13-14) 

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Larvae P2D1 Cocoons 


o Parentage:(PMx Darzo) xNB2C1 

o Higher cocoon yield than Pure Mysore 

o Plain larvae 

o Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 


o High renditta (10-11)

Larvae a- 

MY1 X NB1B 

Cocoons 

Parentage of MY1 : Pure Mysore x Nistarr 

Higher cocoon yield 

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Shorter larval duration when compared to PM x NB4D2. 

Recommended for rearing in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam 

RD1 X NB18 __-* 

Cocoons 

Parentage ofRDl :Rong Dazao 

Robust, shofter larval duration. 

Require acidtreatment 

Recommended forrain-fed areas during summer and early autumn ofup 

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Larvae P2D1X NBIB + Cocoons 

. Parentage ofP2D1 :( PM x Daizo) xNB2C1 

. High yielding rvith longer filament length 

. Recommended for irrigated areas ofAP, West Bengal, Orissa, MP and UP. 

Productive polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids 

During the 90s, new poll.voltine breeds like BL23 andBL2l were evolved using the indigenous 

and exotic genetic resollrces through hybridization and selection. The hybrids BL23 x NB4D2 for 

rainf-ed areas and BL24 x NB4D2 for irrigated areas r.vere tested with the farmers on large scale. 

Tlrese hybrids u'ere authorized at the national level in 1991 . 

Larvae BL23 Cocoons 

o Do,eloped by CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

o Parentage : ( Oval x A2) x ( Oval x Daizo) 

o Higher cocoolt yield than Pure Mysore 


o Charactertzed by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

o Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore 


r Recommended for rain-fbd areas of South India 

o High renditta (10-11) 

11


r Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

o Parentage : Hosa Mysore, Nistari, Pure Mysore andNBT 

r Highercocoonyieldthan PureMysore 


o Characterized by greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 



o Recommended for irrigated areas of South India 

o High renditta ( 1 0- 1 1) 

Larvae BL23 X NB4D2 --# Cocoons 

o Parentage of BL23 : ( Oval x A2) x ( Oval x Daizo) 

Characteri zedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and 

better neatness with higher reelability as compared to PM x C.Nichi 


o Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape 


12

. Gives higher yield than existing hybrid, PM x C.Nichi 

. Floss with reference to shell is less ( 4.8%) 

o Recommendedforrain-fedareas. 

Larvae BL24 X NB4D2 Cocoons 

. Parentage of BL24 : HosaMysore, Nistari, Pure Mysore andNBT 

o Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and 


. Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour 

o Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape 


o Renditta is about 8 

. Gives 10-1S%higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xNB4D2 

o Recommended for irrigated areas. 

Fufther, attempts to improve the qualitative and quantitative traits of polyvoltines resulted in 

the development of another productive polyvoltine breed, 8L43. 


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Developed by CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

Parentage : Pure Mysore, Hosa Mysore and N istari 

Higher cocoon yieldthan Pure Mysore 

Piain larvae 

Characterizedby greenish yellow elongated oval shaped cocoons with coarse grains 

Floss percentage less than Pure Mysore 

Post cocoon quality parameters better than Pure Mysore 

Recommended for irrigated areas of South lndia 

Renditta (9-1 1) 

The new productive polyvoltine breed was crossed with bivoltine and a new hybrid 

combination, BL43 x NB4D2 (Kapila) with better productivity and quantitative traits than PM x 

NB4D2 was identified. The hybrid was authorized by Central Silk Board for commercial 

exploitationin2002. 

Larvae BL43 X NB4D2+ Cocoons 

Parentage of BL43 : Pure Mysore, HosaMysore andNistari 

Characterizedby its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and 


Larvae are plain and bluish white in colour 

Cocoons are light greenish yellow and intermediate in shape 

Total larval duration is22-23 davs 

Renditta is about 8 

Gives l0-15% higher yield than existing hybrid, PM xN84D2 

Recommended for irrigated areas. 

14

Productive Cross Breed (Polyvoltine hybrid) for irrigated zone 

Recently, lbr the irrigated area, one more highly productive polyvoltine breed, BL67 with 

better productivity and quality traits than Pure Mysore was developed. 

Larvae 

Cocoons 


o Parentage:BL24x BL2l 

r Highercocoonyieldthan PureMysore 


o Characterizedby light greenish yellow eiongated oval shaped cocoons with medium to coarse grains 



o Recommended for irrigated areas of South India 

r Renditta (8-9) 

The new breed was crossed with bivoltine and the new polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrid. Cauvery 

(BL67 x CSR101) has been identified with better productivity traits, high silk recovery with 6.5-7.0 

renditta and "A" grade silk. The hybrid is being tested on large scale r.vith the farmers of Karnataka, 

Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The hybrid recorded an average cocoon yield of 54 kg/100 dfls. The 

cocoonsfetchedhigherrateofRs. l5-20perkgwithAgradesilkwhencomparedtoPMxNB4D2. 

Larvae F Cau BL67XCSR101)+ Cocoons 

15

. Parentage ofBL67 :BL24xBL27 

' Highlyproductivewithsurvival>gTYo,cocoonshellratioaround 20%and,rendittaaround6.5 

. Overall silk grade A 

o Recommended for irrigated areas of South Inclia 

. Tolerant to high temperature and BmNpV. 

Polyvoltine hybrid for rain-fed zone 

To replace the existing PM x C'Nichi in rain-fed areas, a new polyvoltine x polyvolrine hybrid. 

varuna (8L24 x c'Nichi) with high survival and better productivity traits has been developed. The 

averagecocoonyieidis3lkg/l00dflsandrendittaof 10-ll ascomparedto 23kglrOOdfls and,12-13 

renditta realised for the popular hybrid, PM x c.Nichi. cocoons of the hybrid is fetching Rs.g_ l0/_ 

more per kg as compared to the control hybrid, pM x c.Nichi, 

Larvae ( BL24X C.Nichi (Varuna) --* Cocoons 

o charact erized'by its robust larvae, high shell weight, high silk content, long filament length and 

better neatness with higher reelabiiity as compar.a ,o pv x c.Nichi 


' cocoons are rightgreenish yeilow and intermediate in shape 

. Gives higheryield than exisring hybrid, pM x C.Nichi 

o Recommended lor rain_fed areas. 

of late' realizing the productivity potentialof cSR breeds, csR2 was crossed with pure Mysore 

and released to the farmers in the name of Kolar Gold and gaine-;;;#;;y 

the 

sericulturists of South India. 

16

Larvae F PM X CSR2 (Kolar Gold) # Cocoons 

Characteri zedby its rob ustness 

Higher reelability as compared to PM x NB4D2 

Lawae are plain and bluish white in colour 

Cocoons are light greenish yellow 

Hybrid cocoons with oblong shape 

Gives higher yield than existing hybrid, PM x NB4D2 

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I9

Bivoltine breeds and hybrids of the past 

BIVOLTINE RACES 

During 70s, efforts were made to develop bivoltine breeds by extraction of lines frorn the 

single and double hybrids of exotic origin. A number of productive bivoltine breeds like NB7, 

NB18, NB4D2 at Mysore, KA, KB at Kalimpong, SH6, yS3 at Dehradun, JlI2, J122, Cl l0, 

C108 at Kashmir ( exotic collection) were evolved. 

Bivoltine pure races 

Larvae KA Cocoons 

a 

o 

o 

a 

a 

o 

O 

Developed at RSRS Kalimpong during 70s 

Parentage : ( N122x C1l0) x ( N124 x Ct24) 

Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

Bright white oval shaped cocoons with mediurn grains 

Cocoon shell ratio : I8-l9o/o 

Raw silk percentage : 15-16 % 

Fibre quality : 2.A grade 

Larvae 

NB4D2 

Cocoons 

20 

--*

Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s 

o Parentage : ( Koko x Seihaku) x ( Nl 24xCl24) 

r Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

r Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains 

r Cocoon shell ratio : I8-I9% 

o Raw silkpercentage : 15-16% 

o Fibre quality :24. grade 

Larvae N87 Cocoons 

o Devcloped at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s 

o Parentage : Kinshu x Sl-ron,a 

o Plain larvae x'ith bluish white body colour 

Bright rvhite oval shaped cocoons with medium grains 

r 

o Cocoon sheil ratio : 18-19% 

o Raw sill< pcrcentage : 14-15 

c o/o 

Fibre qLrality : 2,A grade 

Larvae NB18 Cocoons 

o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 70s 

r Parentage:( Koko x Seihaku) x (Nl24xC124) 

21

o Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

o Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains 

o Cocoon shell ratio : 18-19% 

o Raw silk percentage : 15-16 % 

o Fibre quality :2A grade 

Larvae CC1 Cocoons 


o Parentage:(NB7 xNB-1) x (KAx SPCI) 


e Bright white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains 

o Cocoon shell ratio :22-23% 


o Fibre quality :2A -3A grade 

Larvae *_ CA2 _-_* Cocoons 


o Parentage :NB7 x SPC2 


o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains 

22

o Cocoon shellratio: 22-23% 

o Raw silkpercentage: 16-17 % 

o Fibre quality :2A-3Agrade 


Bivoltine x bivoltine hybrids like KA xNN6D, KA xNB4D2, NB7 x NB 18, CC I xNB 4D2,CL2 

x NB4D2 were found highly promising initially. However, this could not make a significant dent 

because polyvoltine x bivoltine hybrids gained stupendous popr"rlarity among the farmers. 

Accordingly, the bivoltines were used only as male cornponents for cross breed preparation and PM x 

N84D2 became verypopular in South andNistarixN84D2 in West Bengal. 

Characteristics of KA x NN6D 

o ParentageofKA : (N122 xC110)x(NI24xcl24) 

c Parentage ofNN6D : Chinese Race (NanNung 6D) 

. Hybri

Larvae #- 

o Parentage ofNBT : Kinshu x Showa 

NB7 X NBIB 

----_-4 

Cocoons 

o Parentage ofNB 1B : (Koko x Seihaku) x (N I 24 xCI24) 

. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio ( 1 8- I 9%) and raw silk recovery ( 14- l5%) 

o Fibre quality:2A grade 

. Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

o Cocoons are bright white with interrnediate shape and rnedium grains 

. Renditta: 8-9 

Larvae +- cc1 x NB4D2 _+ Cocoons 

. Parentage of CC 1 : NB7 x SPC2 

. Parentage ofNB4D2 :(Kokox Seihaku) x(N124xC124) 

. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio (20-22%) and raw silk recovery (17 -19%) 

. Fibre quality: 2.A grade 

. Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

. Cocoons are bright white with intermediate shape and medium grains 

o Renditta:J-8 

24

Larvae CA2XNB4D2 + Cocoons 

o Parentage of CA2 : (NB7 x NB-1) x ( KA x SPCi) 

o Parentage ofNB4D2: (Koko x Seihaku) x (N124xC124) 

. Hybrid with cocoon shell ratio (20-22%)and raw silk recove ry (17 -Ig%) 

o Fibre quality :2A grade 


o Cocoons are bright white with intermediate shape and medium grains 

. Renditta: 7.-8 

New productive bivoltine breeds and hybrids 

The bivoltine breeds developed earlier could not be popularized as the shell ratio realized at the 

commercial level was around 18- I 90/o only which is slightly higher than cross breeds. Hence, efforts 

were made under JICA, an Indo-Japanese collaborative project, to evolve hybrids with high survival 

and cocoon shell ratio ( above 23%) coupled with better reeling traits. As a result, five hybrids 

namely, CSR2 x CSR4, CSR2 x CSR5, CSR3 x CSR6, CSR12 x CSR6 and CSRI6 x CSR17 were 

identifled as highly productive hybrids and were authorized by CSB for commercial exploitation 

during the years 1991-1999. 

25

Larvae CSR2 Cocoons 


r Parentage : Shunrei x Shogetsu 

o Productive breed with better post cocoon parameters 


o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to rnedium grains 




Larvae 

CSR4 

Cocoons 


o Parentage : (BNl8 X BCS25)XNB4D2 --* 

Productive breed with better - post cocoon parameters 


o Bright white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to mediurn grains 

Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23% 



26

Larvae 23.}oh andraw silko% 19-20) 

were authortzed(1997) and are being exploited commercially on a large scale at farmers level during 

favourable months (Sep.-Feb.). These hybrids recorded an average cocoon yield of 65kg/1OOdfls. 

Both the hybrids and their reciprocals recorded renditta on an average of 6.0 and produced quality 

silk of 2A to 44 grade. 

Larvae # 

CSR2 X CSR4 

o Parentage ofCSR2 : Shunrei x Shogetsu 

o Parentage of CSR4 : ( BN 18 x BCS25) xNB4D2 

27 

-+ 

Cocoons

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

Productive hybrid and easy to handle by farmers under hygienic conditions 

Hybrid with high coc oon shell ratio (22-24%) and raw silk recove ry ( | 9 -20%) 

Better fibre quali ty (2A-4 A) 

Rearing during favourable months in southern states and spring in Jammu and Kashmir province, 

Uttaranchal, HP, etc., 

Plain larvae with bluish white body colour 

cocoons are brightwhite with intermediate shape and medium grains 

Better return for cocoon producer and reeler 

Renditta : 5.6-6.1 

Larvae {--- CSR2 X CSRS Cocoons 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

o 

a 

Parentage of CSR2 : Shunrei x Shogetsu 

Parentage of CSR5 : Shunreix Shogetsu 

Productive hybrid and easy to handle by farmers underhygienic conditions 

Plain larvae with creamish white body colour 

Cocoons are creamish white with intermediate shape and medium grains 

Hybrid with high cocoons shell ratio (23-25%)und.u* silk recove ry ( 19-20%) 

Betler fibre quality (2A-4A) 

Rendina:5.6-6.1 

Three productive hybrids, csR3 x csR6, csRl2 x cSR6 and CSR16 x CSR17 and their 

reciprocal crosses ( raw silk percentage : 18-20 and,2 A to 34 grade silk) were authorized J.,ring 

1999 for commercial exploitation during favourable months. The hybrids, csR3 x cSR6 and cSR16 

x CSR 1 7 recorded an average cocoon yield of 65ikg 1 00 dfls under post authorization trial. 

28

'bo'* 

Larvae F_ 

"-'4 

L 

L-"t 

CSR3 _-___-__-_____* Cocoons 

h- q 


o Parentage : (BN 18 x BC25) x CCl 


o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge colour ( sex-limited) 

o Dull white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains 


o Raw silkpercentage : lB-20% 


Larvae 

CSRO 

Cocoons 


o Parentage :Shunrei x Shogetsu 

-+ 


o Marked larvae with reddish tinge colour 

o Dr"rll white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains 




29

Larvae +__ CSR12 

Cocoons 


o Parentage:(BN18xBCS25) xKA 


o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge color.rr ( sex-limited) 

o Dull white oval shaped cocoons with fineto medium grains 

e Cocoon shell ratio : 23-25% 



- 

*."q 

&-i:. 

F*4 

"*r 

'"':# 

Larvae {- CSR16 # Cocoons 


o Parentage (C135 xNl34) xJl4 


o Marked larvae with dull white body colour 

o White dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to rnedium grains 

o Cocoon shellratio: 22-23% 

o Raw silkpercentage : I7-I8% 

o Fibre quality :3A-4Agrade

Larvae CSRl 7 Cocoons 

o Devclopcd at CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

o Parentage :(N137xC146)x424 



o Bright r.vhite oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains 


o Rawsilkpercentage : 18-20% 

o Fibre quality : 34. -4A grade 

Larvae {- 

CSR3 X CSR6 

o Parentage of CSR3 :(BNl8 x BCS25) x CCI ---+ 

o Parentage of CSR6 : Shunrei x Shogetsu 

. Productive hybrid with high silk recovery 

. Marked larvae with dull white body colour 

o The female parent of CSR3 is sex-limited in nature 

o Cocoons are dull white with intermediate shape and medium grains 

. Hybrid withhigh shellratio (23-25%) andraw silkrecovery (19-20%) 

. Silk quality parameters are better than CSR2 x CSR4 

31 

Cocoons

Larvae CSR12 X CSR6 Cocoons 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

a 

o 

Parentage of CSR12 :(8N18 x BCS25) x KA 

Parentage ofCSR6 : Shunrei x Shogetsu 

Marked larvae with dull white body colour 

The fernale parent of CSR12 is sex-limited in nature 

cocoons are dull white lvith intermediate shape and medium grains 

Productive hybrid with high silk recovery 

HybLid with h igh shell ratio ( 23-25% )and raw silk recove ry ( 19-20%) 

Quality parameters better than CSR2 x CSRrI 

Larvae

Robust bivoltine breeds and hybrid 

The hot climatic conditions of tropics prevailing particularly in summer are not conducive to rear 

high yielding bivoltine hybrids. Considering the importance of developing robust breeds for rearing 

especially during unfavourable season ofthe year, CSRl B and CSR19 were evolved.. 

Larvae F- CSR18 Cocoons 

o Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

o Parentage : B20l x BCS l2 

o Robust breed with better post cocoon parameters 

o Developed under high temperature (36+1"C) and high humidity (85+5% RH) conditions 

o Charactenzedby high pupation ( >60%) under hightemperature (36+1'C) andhigh humidity 

(85+5% RH) conditions 


o Larval duration one day less than otherbivoltine breeds 

o Creamish white oval shaped cocoons with medium grains 

o Cocoon shell ratio :21-23oh 


e Fibre quality :2,A-3A grade 

Larvae +- CSR19 

Cocoons 

33 

--+

o Developedby CSRTI, Mysore during 90s 

o Parentage : B201 x BCS 12 

o Robust breed with better post cocoon parameters 

o Developed under high temperature (36+1"C) and high humidity (85*5% RH) conditions 

r Characterizedbyhighpupation (>60%) underhightemperature (36+l "C) andhighhumidity 

(85*5% RH) conditions 


o Larval duration one day less than other bivoltine breeds 

o Creamish white dumb-bell shaped cocoons with medium grains 

o Cocoon shellratio : 21-22% 

r Rawsilkpercentage: l1-18% 


By utilising these robust breeds, the hybrid combination, CSR18 x CSR19 was developecl 

which was authorized by CSB in 1998 for commercial exploitation throughout the year. The hybrid 

recorded an average yield of 50 kg per 100 dfls during summer months 

Larvae CSR18 X CSR19 Cocoons 

o ParentageofCSRl8 :8201 xBCS12 

o Parentage of CSRIg 8201x BCS 12 

o Robust hybrid developed under high temperature (36* 1'C) and high humidity 85+5% RH) 

conditions. 

o Marked and plain larvae with reddish tinge in colour ( Sex-limited) 

o Larval duration one day less than productive hybrids ( CSR2 x CSR4) 

. Consumes less leaf ( 100- 150 kg/100 dfls) than productive hybrids (CSR2 x CSR4). 

. Hybrid charucterized by high pupation r ate (>80%o) under high temperature (3 6+ 1 'C) 

conditions. 

o Creamish white cocoons 

. Cocoonyield:50-60 kg/l00 dfls 

o Better fibre quality (2A-3A) 

34

Productive bivoltine breed and hybrid for special denier 

To cater to the need of thin denier for the production of f-rner fabric, directional breeding has been 

carried out and a new new productive bivoltine breed, CSR4B has been evolved with longer filament 

length ( > 1500 m) andthin denier (2 d). 

Larvae ts- csR4B --_----+ cocoons 

o Developed at CSRTI, Mysore during 2000 

o Parentage : JPNS 



o Bright white oval shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains 

o Thin denier breed (2 d) with longer filament length ( > 1500 m) 


o Raw silk percentage : lB-20 % 


By utlising the thin denier breed, CSR48 a productive hybrid , CSR48 x CSR4 has been 

identified for longer filament length of more than 1400 m with thin denier of less than2.4. 

Larvae €- 

CSR48 X CSR4 ------+ Cocoons 

35

a 

o 

a 

o 

o 

a 

a 

a 

a 

Parentage of CSR48 :JPN8 

Parentage ofCSR4 : ( BN 1 8 x BCS25) xNB4D2 

Productive hybrid with high silk recovery 

More robustthan CSR2 x CSR4 

Plain larvae with bluish body colour 

Cocoons are white with intermediate shape and medium grains 

Hybrid with high shell ratio (23-25% )and raw silk recove ry (19-20%) 

Longer filament length ( > 1500 m) and thin denier (2.2to2.4 d) 

Quality parameters are better than CSR2 x CS R4 

Thin denier hybrid, 

CSR48 x CSR4 

Productive hybrid with longer filament, less 

denier and size deviation. 

No difference in yield/100 dfls when 

compared with CSR2 x CSR4 

Good raw material for the manufacture of 

Zari,Chiffon and georgette fabric 

Sex-limited breeds-A boon for egg producers 

Presently more than 90Yo of the total cocoons raised for production of raw silk are from the cross 

breeds of indigenous polyvoltine females and males of bivoltine breeds. As a result, the separation of 

males and females to prevent selfing is a very important task in the preparation of commercial hybrid 

eggs. Because of the practical difficulties in sex separation atlarvalor cocoon stage, the separation of 

sexes is generally carried out at pupal stage which is highly skilled, laborious and time consuming, 

besides being expensive. 

To overcome these drawbacks, two new sex-limited breeds, csR8(sl) and Nandi (csR2-sl) have 

been developed which produces yellow coloured female and white coloured male cocoons. This is a 

boon to the grainuers as it is not only helping in easy sex separation process but also saves 

considerable time, labour and money. 

Jb

csRB (sL) 

PM X CSR8(SL) 

r Parentage of CSRB(SL): Japanese hybrid(SL) x NB4D2 

o The cross breed silkworm seed producers can purchase only white cocoons as they need only 

male moths forthe preparation of cross breed layings. 

o p I seed farmers can get more income from white cocoons and yellow cocoons can be marketed 

lbr reelirrg 

. The egg number is slightly less in CSRS( 450-415) when compared to NB4D2. 

o There is no difference in the recovery of eggs between PM x NB4D2 and PM x CSR8. The 

cocoon yield is also on par with that of PM x NB4D2. 

Similarly, in place of normal CSR2 as male component with PM, the new breed "Nandi (CSR2 - 

SL)" with sex-limited for cocoon colour was developed to facilitate easy sex separation based on 

cocoon colour at grainages ( yellow cocoon : female and white cocoon : male) . 

a 

o 

Parentage of CSR2(SL) :CSR2 x CC 1(SL) 

PM x CSR2(SL) is on par with that of other hybrid, PM x CSR2 and superior over PM x CS RB 

and PM x NB4D2 ( control) in yield with marginal improvement in reeling characters. 

TheeggnumberisslightlylessinCsR2(SL)( 450-47S)whencomparedtoCsR2(Normal). 

37

Double hybrid for high egg recovery and cocoon crop stability 

Owing to the existence of negative correlation between high cocoon shell ratio and low pupation rate 

in pure races, the handling of these pure races needs more care and attention by seed cocoon farmers. 

Keeping this in mind, the double hybrid, (CSR6 x CSR26) x (CSR2 x CSR27) has been selected for 

commercialization. 

Parents of double hybrid (Referpage 31 for CSR2 and page 34for CSR6) 

Larvae csR26 

--*_# 

Cocoons 


o Parentage: C135xN134 

Productive breed with better post-cocoon parameters 

r 

Marked larvae with dull white body colour 

White dumb-bell shaped cocoons with fine to medium grains 

Cocoon shell ratio : 22-23% 

Raw silkpercentage : 1l-18% 


.ry"-:-.€f '€ 

Y, 

ffi%fu *_ 

:-s 

w"€€+ 

;@sl"%q 

l*q%*-*d 

Larvae 

csR27 __+ 

38 

Cocoons


o Parentage : Thaihei x Choan 





o Raw silk percentage : l8-20 % 


Larvae

Bivoltine breed and hybrid lbr sub-optimal conditions 

By introgression the amylase genes from the popular polyvoltine breeds, Pure Mysore and Nistari 

into CSR2 and CSR5 two breeds namely, GEN3 and GEN2 were evolved. 

Larvae GEN3 _*__€ cocoons 


r Parentage : Pure Mysore and CSR2 

o Developed by introgressing amylase genes from polyvoltine race, Pure Mysore 

r Robust breed tvith better post cocoon parameters 

o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under sub-optimal conditions 

ofnutrition ( leaf quality) and rearing management 




o Raw silkpercentage : lB-19% 

o Fibre quality :2A- 3,{ grade 

o Recommended for rearing throughout the year 

Larvae GEN2 Cocoons 

40


o Parentage :Nistari and CSR5 

o I)eveloped by introgressing arnylase genes from polyvoltine race, Nistari 

o Robust breed r.vith better post cocoon parameters 

o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under sub-optimal conditions 

ofriutrition ( leaf quality) and rearing management 

o Plain larvae with dull white body colour 

o Creamishwhite dumb-bellshapedcocoonsrvithfineto mediumgrains 


o Raw silkpercentage : l8-I9% 

o Fibre quality :2A-3A grade 

o Recornrnended for rearing throughout the year 

By utilising these breeds, the hybrid, GEN3 x GEN2 with higher amylase activity has been 

developed 

Larvae ts- GEN3XGEN2 + Cocoons 

o Parentage of GEN3 :Pure Mysore and CSR2 

o Parentage ofGEN2: Nistari and CSR5 

o Developed by introgressing amylase genes from polyvoltine races-Pure Mysore 

andNistari : into CSR2 and CSR5. 

. Plain larvae, Creamish white cocoons with intermediate shape 

o With high amylase activity, better digestibility and higher survival under suboptimal 

conditions of nutrition (leaf quality) andrearing management 

. Cocoonyieldi 100 dfls:60-65 kg 

o Easyrearing under sub-optimal conditions 

. Recommended for rearing throughout the year 

41

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Comparison between Cross Breed and Bivoltine hybrid 

Cross Breed (Pure MysorexNB4Dz) 

Bivoltine (CSR2xCSR4)

Thrust for the iuture 

Indra is now on the threshold of fi;rther vitalizins the silk industrr., focusing attention on the quality 

b !rrv rrrrL rrruueLrJ iv-!uo:rrt 

and production cost rather than quantity alone" To realize the dream of producing large quantity of 

high quality international grade silk at a competitive price, a sustainable tropical bivoltine sericulture 

technology has to be refined and popularised. The general opinion is that the bivoltine hybrids do not 

display crop stability with the farmers as compared to polyvoltine x bivoltine cross breeds . The 

reasons attributed to such instability are that the bivoitines suffer badly in adverse conditions like 

high ternperature and high/low humidity, low marragement, poor quality of mulberry and crop losses 

due to diseases etc" As a result, yield gap and instability are some of the constraints coming in the 

way of rapid progress of bivoltine sericuiture programme. To address these constraints and to suit the 

varied agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions prevalent in India, development and 

popularrzatron of location specific and trait specific suitable silkworm breeds is of utmost 

rmportance. 

To meet these challenges, intensified and sharp focused silkworm breeding programme emphasizing 

on breeding for disease resistance, optimal and sub-optimal conditions, special characters to match 

the industrial requirement, development of economically viable sex-limited breeds, induction of 

female lethality and production of rnale silkworm for high silk content, directional breeding using the 

molecular biology tools to develop novel silkworm breeds to use as breeding resource material are 

the needs ofthe hour. This could be accomplished by mobilization of the genetic resources across the 

institutes and the combining ability studies of races evolved in different institutions could be taken 

up as a multi-institutional approach. 

47

,silkworm race maintenaRee amd murlfiplication system 

:! 

Success of bivoltine cocooR production lies in the maintena-nee a'nd multiplication of authorized 

parental silkworm races for commercial utilization. The production of hybrid eggs for commercial 

rearing involves a long chain of iridependent and specialized operations right from the systematic 

multiplication of races for production of quality cocoons in order to meet the demand of the industry. 

Race maintenance is defined as rnaintenance of silkworm breeds conforming to their original 

characteristics. It is the responsibiliry of the silkworm breeders to maintain the breeder,s stock 

(Parental breeds) after authorizationofthe hybrids for commercial rearing. 

Large number of polyvoltine ancl bivoltine breeds have been developed by different institutes. The 

productive bivoltine breeds are recommended for multiplication during favourable months ( Sept.- 

Feb') at selected Basic Seed Farms. In the three tier system being practiced in India for the past 3 

decades indicated the deterioration iu the quality ofthe cocoons produced and are not in conformity 

with the original character. This may be attributed to the following factors such as intensity of cocoon 

selection, unskilled/poor knowledge of staff in-charge of maintenance and multiplication and 

exposing the breeds to adverse conditions at different levels of maintenance and multiplication. To 

maintain the purify and vigour of the basic stocks and also to avoid repeated multiplication of same 

stock, one-way system of multiplication(P4- Pl) is of utmost importance. The breeder,s stock 

maintenance should be the responsibility of the breeders of Research Institutes. It is the 

responsibility of the breeders and P4 station to maintain the original breed characteristics without 

any deterioration/deviation. Consequently, a new one-way system oI race maintenance has been 

introduced for quality seedproduetion andhybrid vigour. The details are shown inthe flowchart. 

4B

One way system of race maintenance and multiplication 

Breeders stock maintenance 

CSRTI, Mysore 

Responsibitrity of breeders and supply of eggs 

P4 centre once in a year 

to 

I 

v 

P4 BSn Hassan 

I 

P3 BSFs 

Maintenance and supply of eggs to P3 centre 

Multiplication and supply of eggs to P2 centre 

Mulitplication and supply of eggs to Pl seed farmers 

J 

Selected P1 seed 

rearers 

Quality seed cocoon production and purchase by 

egg production centres 

production 

i 

Hybrid rearing at 

commercial farmers 

Supply of eggs to commercial farmers 

Quality F1 cocoon production 

49

Silkworm hybrids developed and authorized by CSR&TI, Mysore 

Sl.No. Name of the hybrid Year of 

development/authorization 


1 

2 

a 

J 

4 

5 

6 

1 

8 

9 

10 

11 

KA x NN6D 

KA x NB4D2 

NB7 x NB18 

CCI x NB4D2 

CA2 x NB4D2 

CSR2 x CSR4 

CSR2 x CSR5 

CSR18 x CSRl9 

CSR3 x CSR6 

CSR12 x CSR6 

CSR16 x CSR17 

I 970s 

1980s 

t991 

i999 

12 CSR48 x CSR4 2004 

13 PM x CSRS(SL) 2004 

1A t+ PM XCSR2(SL) 2044 

l5 (CSR2 x CSR27) x (CSR6 x CSR26) 2044 

t6 GEII3 x GEN2 2004 

Polyvoltine x Bivoltine hybrids 

1 

2 

J 

MYl x NB 18 

P2DI x NBi8 

RD1 x NB18 

1995 

4 BL23 x NB4D2 

5 BL24 x NB4D2 1991 

6 8L.43 x NB4D2 (Kapila) 2002 

..| 

,FL67 x CSR201 (Cauvery) 2004 

8 BL24 x C.lt{ichi ( Varuna) 2044 

50

Scientists ancl experts contributed for development of silkworm breeds 

Indian Scientists 

1. Dr.E,.S.Narayan 

2. Dr.N.S.Siclhu 

3. Dr.S.Krislrrtltswltttti 

4. Dr.M.S.Jolly 

-5. Dr.M.N.Narasimhtrnna. 

6. Dr.K.SengLrpta 

1. Dr.R.K.Datta 

8. Dr.S.B.Dandirr 

9. Dr'.K.V.Bcnchamin 

10. Dr.S.Raje Urs 

ll. Dr.Chanclrasl-rekaraiah 

12. Dr.M.V.Sarnson 

13. Dr.M.M.Ahsarr 

14. Shri.M.N.S.Iyengar 

15. Shri.M.K.R.Noarnani 

16. Dr.S.N.Chatterjee 

11. Dr.R.G.Geethaclevi 

18. Srnt.NusarathMuneera 

19. Smt.G.Prabha 

20. Shri.K.Vijayaraghavatr 

21. Dr.K.P.Jayaswal 

22. Shri.B.K.Kariappa 

23. Dr.H.K.Basavaraja 

24. Dr.Puttaswan-iyGowda 

25. Mr.Dwarakinath 

16. Dr.B.Natalaju 

2'/. M"'.N.K.Ganesh 

28. Shri.C.S.Nagaraj 

29. Dr.K.P.Jaytrnth 

30. Dr.G.D Pershad 

31. Shri.Viswanath Kannantha 

32. Dr.S.B.Magclum 

33. Dr.J.Nagaraju 

34. Dr.D.V.Bhat 

35. Smt.G.S.Vindhya 

36. Dr.Mala. V.Rajan 

31. Dr.S.Nirrnal Kumar 

38. Srnt.KshantaGiridhar 

39. Mr.Mallrkarjunu 

40. Shri.P.G.Joge 

4l . Dr.Ravindra Singh 

42. Dr.A.Naseema Begum 

43. Dr.S.K.Ashwarth 

44. Mr.H.V.VijayaKumar 

45. Dr.P.Ratnamohana Rao 

46. Dr. N. D. Bharadwaj 

41. Dr.Ratna Sen 

48. Dr.S.K.Bhargava 

49. Smt.V.Premalatha 

50. Dr.D.RaghavendraRao 

51. Dr.M.Ramesh Babu 

52. Dr.V.N.Sudha 

53. Dr.N.Suresh Kumar 

54. Dr.N.Mal Reddy 

-55. Shri.P.SudhakaraRao 

56" Shri.C.M.KishorKurnar 

51. Dr.G.V.Krlpana 

58. Smt.Maheswari 

59. Mrs.Jula S.Nair 

60. Dr.M.N.Morrison 

61. Smt.K.K.Shannila 

62. Mr.A.K.Palit 

63. Mr.K.C.Mahalingappa 

64. Smt.S.N.Pallavi 

65. Srnt.Umadevi 

Japanese advi sors/experts 

L Dr.Yatalo TAZIMA 

2. Mr.ShoichiSATO 

3. Dr.Tatsumachi HIROBE 

1. Mr.Yasuhisa MANO 

5.. Dr. YoshikiOHTSUKI 

6. Dr" Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI 

7. Dr.Hiroaki YANAGAWA 

B. Dr.Kunio TAKAMIYA 

9" Ms.Hiroko MATSUO 

10. Mr.AkioYAN/IAGUCHI 

11. Dr.Toshio YAMAMOTO 

12. Dr"Osamu NINAGI 

13. Mr.Yukio TANAKA 

14. Dr.Toshiki TAMURA 

51

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