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Modelling Nematode Populations in Horticultural Systems Tixier, P. CIRAD, UPR Systèmes Bananes et Ananas, PRAM, BP214, Le Lamentin, Martinique, 97285 France To date, nematode dynamic models have been very simple, driven only by few parameters without accounting for host quality or environment characteristics. However, these approaches provided only a basic description of nematode population dynamics, and a few mechanistic insights into the relation between the nematode, host and the environment. Recently, more specific models were developed for a wide range of plant-parasitic nematodes and horticultural systems (Pratylenchus penetrans in rotations; potato cyst nematode and Meloidogyne incognita on potato systems; Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus coffeae and Helicotylenchus multicinctus on banana based systems). These models are either based on biological processes (population growth, initial or maximal population) or statistical approaches; often with dynamic outputs. These models account for the specificities of the relation in the nematode-plant complex, e.g. through the root biomass fluctuation which represents the food resource for nematodes. After reviewing the existing models that simulates nematode dynamics in horticultural systems, we present the example of the SIMBA-NEM model dedicated to plant-parasitic nematodes in banana based systems. We highlight the way this modelling approach allows integration of existing knowledge and permits us to re-examine research about nematode-plant relationship. We emphasize how these models may help to optimize the effect of nematicide applications and participate to the design of sustainable and more environmental-friendly cropping systems. We also focus on the use of models to tackle issues surrounding new banana varieties. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the modelling scale from the root to the field, and its implication in the efficiency in forecasting population dynamics and plant damages. We examine the needs for spatially explicit models that take into consideration the spatial variability of soil moisture or the availability of host root biomass. Plant-parasitic Nematodes of Coffee: Worldwide Status and Studies Conducted on Meloidogyne exigua at UENF Souza, R.M. Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/CCTA/UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil In many coffee-producing regions worldwide, parasitic nematodes reduce the productivity and increase the production costs of this important commodity. In infested areas throughout the Americas, Africa and Asia, several species of Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus cause yield losses estimated in at least 15%, while many plantations have been decimated since late nineteenth century. In this complex pathosystem, nematode species, type of coffee grown (arabica or robusta and their cultivars) and edaphic-climatic conditions interplay to determine the damage level. Many other nematode genera have been reported associated with coffee, although in most case their parasitism has not been confirmed. Rotylenchus reniformis, Radopholus spp., Hemicriconemoides spp., Xiphinema americanum and Helicotylenchus spp. have been associated to coffee damage in some locations. Despite decades of research, in many cases the management options available to coffee growers are not satisfactory. In Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, the widespread incidence of M. exigua has prompt the launching of several interdisciplinary projects, which covers evaluation of sampling strategies for assessment of field populations and epidemiology, assessment of productivity and resistance 5 th International Congress of Nematology, 2008 65
of several arabica coffee genotypes, evaluation of cultural and chemical management strategies and investigations on the physiology of parasitism. This presentation will cover an overview of nematode problems on coffee production worldwide as well as results from the projects developed by our research group. Does Nematode-resistance Breeding Deserve a Higher Priority in Tropical Agriculture? The Case of Banana Quénéhervé, P. IRD, UMR Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs (IRD-CIRAD-UM2), PRAM, BP 214, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France Due to increasing awareness about environmental contamination by pesticides, the search for both plant resistance and/or tolerance to plant-parasitic nematodes is now a major challenge on most commercial crops. In subtropical and tropical agriculture, the concept of using resistant/tolerant cultivars is also gaining more attention since it is considered as a more sustainable management option not only for commercial producers but also for subsistence or smallholder farmers. However, efforts to screen agricultural crop germplasm for resistance to plant parasitic nematodes have mainly been focussed at identifying resistance to sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as root knot and cyst nematodes which have the most specialized host-parasite relationship. Concerning subtropical and tropical agriculture, many reasons not to look for nematode-resistance were mentioned by the past and reviewed here at the light of the research on bananas. This paper will review the past decades of research looking for resistance to nematodes in bananas up to the most recent results. Currently, screening for nematode resistance is still an ongoing process, particularly as newly developed banana hybrids become available. The results obtained in the Caribbean on dessert bananas with the new synthetic hybrids (AAA, Musa acuminata) from CIRAD, originally designed for their resistance to Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases, have demonstrated their potentiality from laboratory to field experiments in their resistance/tolerance to burrowing and lesion nematodes. 5 th International Congress of Nematology, 2008 66
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SESSION ONE - PLE
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SESSION SEVEN - CURRENT AND FUTURE
Page 6 and 7:
SESSION THIRTEEN - SURVIVAL, ADAPTA
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Quality Requirements for Accreditat
Page 10 and 11:
Specific Diagnostic and Genetic Var
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Records of Bursaphelenchus species
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SESSION FORTY-ONE - BIOLOGICAL CONT
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Changes in Soil Nematode Assemblage
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Studies on Amino Acid Profile and i
Page 20 and 21:
An Entomoparasitic Adult Form of Bu
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Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in M
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Lumactud, R.C. & M. Tenuta Communit
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Pochonia chlamydosporia Reduces the
Page 28 and 29:
TOPIC NINETEEN - DETECTION AND SAMP
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SESSION ONE - PLENARY SESSION CHAIR
Page 32 and 33:
SESSION TWO - ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERS
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Nematode Diversity under Commercial
Page 36 and 37:
A Perspective on Diversity within N
Page 38 and 39:
Host Specificity, Speciation, and C
Page 40 and 41:
Phylogenetic Analysis of Parasitism
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SESSION FOUR - RESISTANCE BREEDING
Page 44 and 45: Breeding for Resistance to Root-kno
Page 46 and 47: SESSION FIVE - CURRENT TRENDS IN NE
Page 48 and 49: Phylogeny and Evolution of Rhabditi
Page 50 and 51: SESSION SIX - NEMATODES IN FARMING
Page 52 and 53: schedule of these crops. More frequ
Page 54 and 55: SESSION SEVEN - CURRENT AND FUTURE
Page 56 and 57: Use of EPNs in South America: Prese
Page 58 and 59: SESSION EIGHT - RESISTANCE BREEDING
Page 60 and 61: Identification of Multiple Resistan
Page 62 and 63: Evaluation of Banana Germplasm as P
Page 64 and 65: deferens of small nematodes is a lo
Page 66 and 67: SESSION TEN - SUSTAINABLE AND ORGAN
Page 68 and 69: In further glasshouse experiments,
Page 70 and 71: SESSION ELEVEN - PARASATIC NEMATODE
Page 72 and 73: Gene Finding, Expression Profiling,
Page 74 and 75: SESSION TWELVE - ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE
Page 76 and 77: Weeds Acting as Reservoir Hosts of
Page 78 and 79: Gene Induction by Desiccation Stres
Page 80 and 81: An Antarctic Nematode that Survives
Page 82 and 83: Identification and Characterization
Page 84 and 85: SESSION FIFTEEN - FOREST NEMATOLOGY
Page 86 and 87: Observations on the Occurrence and
Page 88 and 89: Asymptomatic Carrier Trees in Pine
Page 90 and 91: The Meloidogyne incognita Genome Sh
Page 92 and 93: molecular information available on
Page 96 and 97: Population Distribution of Plant-Pa
Page 98 and 99: Nematological Research and Training
Page 100 and 101: SESSION NINETEEN - BIOSECURITY, QUA
Page 102 and 103: Incursion Management of Potato Cyst
Page 104 and 105: Networking and Resources for Manage
Page 106 and 107: Root-knot Nematodes Manipulate Plan
Page 108 and 109: SESSION TWENTY-ONE - NEMATODE MANAG
Page 110 and 111: Impact of Nutrient Supply Systems i
Page 112 and 113: Incidence and Economic Losses cause
Page 114 and 115: Support for Nematology in Developin
Page 116 and 117: PLENARY SESSION TWENTY-THREE - THE
Page 118 and 119: SESSION TWENTY-FOUR - CLIMATE CHANG
Page 120 and 121: A Subtracted cDNA Library of Putati
Page 122 and 123: Molecular Nematology as a Tool for
Page 124 and 125: Uncovering the Parasitic Interactio
Page 126 and 127: SESSION TWENTY-SIX - MOLECULAR APPL
Page 128 and 129: SESSION TWENTY-SEVEN - NEMATODE MAN
Page 130 and 131: Host-plant Resistance in Crops Cult
Page 132 and 133: SESSION TWENTY-EIGHT - PANEL DISCUS
Page 134 and 135: Soil Nematode Communities under Cli
Page 136 and 137: Modeling Soil Properties and Organi
Page 138 and 139: Plant Parasitic Nematode: Restricte
Page 140 and 141: Parasitism Genes of Root-Knot and C
Page 142 and 143: SESSION THIRTY-ONE - MOLECULAR AND
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Missing the Unseen: Morphological a
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SESSION THIRTY-TWO - NEMATODE MANAG
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Sugar Cane Production and Nematode
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SESSION THIRTY-THREE - NEMATOLOGY I
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Records of Bursaphelenchus species
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comprise about 15-20% of the popula
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Selection of Virulent Populations o
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Virulence of Globodera pallida in R
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From Suppressive Soils to Suppressi
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Soil Biodisinfection as an Alternat
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Site-specific Technology: An Introd
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probability of yield loss due to RK
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Plant-parasitic Nematodes Associate
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Gorgan 3, Williams, JK (Sari), BP (
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Habitat Quality as a Determinant of
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Do Natural Enemies Regulate Entomop
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Novel Approaches to Analyze Gene Ex
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Connecting Genetics and Genomics in
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Bacteria as Natural Enemies of Plan
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Ecology of Pochonia chlamydosporia
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Root-Knot Nematodes of Economic Imp
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Meloidogyne mayaguensis and M. ethi
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Environmental Factors Affecting Nem
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Seasonal Fluctuations in Size Spect
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Transgene Driven RNAi for Cell Spec
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SESSION FORTY-FIVE - INDUSTRIAL PRO
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Stability Issues: Maintenance of Be
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Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Threat and
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Preliminary trials indicate that th
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individual nematodes. The MOTUs dis
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Changes in Soil Nematode Assemblage
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(3,338) had a lower expression leve
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SESSION FORTY-NINE - COMMERCIAL PRO
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Putting Waste to Work: Commercially
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test indicate some isolates reduce
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PLENARY SESSION FIFTY-ONE - FUTURE
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS TOPIC ONE - EV
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Goldfinger and a few other cultivar
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Mitochondrial DNA Frameshift Mutati
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The larger and smaller cells divide
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TOPIC THREE - NEMATODE PHYSIOLOGICA
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Studies on Amino Acid Profile and i
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CFPM101, barley cv. Myriam, buckwhe
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ainfalls that represent several tim
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Anatomical and Histological Alterat
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associated with peels for five minu
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Community Structure of Plant-Parasi
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technique and samples examined unde
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e retained for seed production on t
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TOPIC FIVE - PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATO
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Infection of Brachiaria brizantha S
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certain exporting countries but als
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Morphometric, Molecular and Biologi
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Cold Tolerance Mechanisms of Entomo
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Identification of Heteroprhabditis
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suggest that C. japonica DJs appear
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TOPIC SEVEN - ANIMAL-PARASITIC NEMA
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Intestinal Parasitic Nematodes of V
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TOPIC EIGHT - MARINE AND FRESHWATER
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Preliminary Observations on Nematod
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Heman, and the resistant tomato sta
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oot-knot nematode numbers in plants
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maize varieties could have in contr
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Red Alert on the Plant-parasitic Ne
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TOPIC TEN - HOST PLANT RESISTANCE A
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Mapping Nematode Resistance in Rice
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Characterization of RKN-regulated W
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Functional Characterisation of Tran
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This nematode has been probably ent
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TOPIC THIRTEEN - INTERACTIONS OF NE
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Interaction between Meloidogyne inc
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AMF-induced Bioprotection against M
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plants were previously infected wit
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TOPIC FOURTEEN - EPIDEMIOLOGY AND P
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Population Densities of Tylenchulus
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Does Long-term Organic Fertilizatio
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Two ~ 400 bp fragments of rRNA loci
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the vitality on 4-8 days. Nematodes
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of cultured nematodes at different
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feeders. Pratylenchus dominanted in
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TOPIC SIXTEEN - ORGANIC AMENDMENTS
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The Nematicidal Properties of Cyste
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Effects of Salicylic Acid and Amino
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on their nematicidal effect on P. p
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DROP-technology is based on tempera
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indicated that M. javanica J 2 popu
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Effect of Neem Based Biopesticides
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• Onion plant stand negatively co
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Interaction between Two Meloidogyne
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Antagonistic Activity of an Isolate
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significantly from the fosthiazate
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Anastomosis in Selected Isolates of
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Impact of Pseudomonas-based Biocont
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Effect of the Emergence and Infecti
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Potential of Dual Purpose Intercrop
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Parasites, Vibrations and the Hunt
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TOPIC EIGHTEEN - CHEMICAL AND INTEG
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Evaluation of Pre-plant Treatments
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compared to the untreated control.
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Agri-Terra: A New Low-rate Nematici
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Secondary Metabolites Present in Ca
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system does not permit use of nemat
Page 348 and 349:
Development of a Management Strateg
Page 350 and 351:
Healthcare Assessment Methodology i
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Phytoparasitic Nematode Infestation
Page 354 and 355:
Quantitative Detection of the Major
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TOPIC TWENTY - DIAGNOSTICS OF PARAS
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A Real-time PCR Assay for Detection
Page 360 and 361:
Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Austra
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Diagnostics and Management to Prote
Page 364 and 365:
Morphological and Molecular Charact
Page 366 and 367:
Creating Awareness of Nematodes is
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Status of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
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Bulgheresi, S. 96 Bulman, S. 332 Bu
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Ghalandar, M. 204 Gheysen, G. 62, 1
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Lo Russo, V. 116 Lockhart, P.J. 47
Page 376 and 377:
Price, A.H. 245 Proença, D. 253 Pu
Page 378 and 379:
Tian, Y. 132 Tiedt, L.R. 210 Tigano
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