TABLE CONTENTS

Characterization and Management of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889)
Chitwood, 1949 (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) Biotypes in Spain
López-Pérez, J.A. (1), M.A. Díez-Rojo (2), L. Robertson (2), M. Escuer (2), J. López-Cepero
(3), V. García Dorado (2) & A. Bello (2)
(1) Centro Agrario de Marchamalo. Camino de San Martín s/n, 19180 Marchamalo, Guadalajara; (2) Centro de
Ciencias Medioambientales (CCMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Serrano 115
dpdo, 28006 Madrid; (3) Univ. La Laguna (ULL). Crta Geneto, 2, 38271 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands,
Spain.
The distribution of Meloidogyne arenaria in Spain was revised and new samples were taken
in Central Spain in areas where grapevine is the main crop and this species happened to be
the main root knot nematode. In order to characterize the race and biotypes of the
populations, morphometric, differential host plant test and SCAR-PCR have been carried out.
A total of 120 citations were found, corresponding to 45 different host plants, of which 42
citations (35.0%) are new from this study. The populations studied belonged to race 2, which
reproduced on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene, or race 3 that reproduces on both resistant
pepper and tomato. The nematodes were mainly found in vegetables, fruit trees, tobacco,
grapevine, and weeds. The integrated crop management for nematode control in protected
cultivation systems and open field and is proposed. The species shows a preference for warm
areas, but it can appear on the Northern area of Spain under greenhouses.
Evolution of Control Strategies for the Citrus Nematode, Tylenchulus
semipenetrans, in South African Citrus Orchards
Pretorius, M.C. & L. Huisman
Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
The citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, is the only major nematode pest that causes
significant economic losses in all citrus producing regions in Southern Africa. Chemical
control of the citrus nematode forms part of an integrated pest management approach that is
currently been utilised by the South Africa citrus producers. Nematicides have been used
effectively for several years to reduce citrus nematode populations in the soil and roots of
citrus trees. Three applications of cadusafos applied in one season reduced nematode female
population counts to undetectable levels for a period of three years. Other nematicides such
as aldicarb, fenamiphos, ethoprophos and fosthiazate were also effective but annual followup
applications were needed for effective control. Variable results were, however, reported
by citrus growers. Insufficient irrigation, poor application of the products and accelerated
microbial degradation were identified as the three main factors affecting the efficacy of the
registered nematicides. Worldwide concerns of mammalian toxicity due to the use of
extremely toxic nematicides motivated researchers to look for safer and more cost effective
measures for the control of nematodes. Sole or integrated use of less toxic, biological and
GRAS chemicals were therefore evaluated. In general, products such as PL+ and furfural
were less effective than the registered nematicides which necessitated more frequent
applications and/or integration with nematicides in programmes. Further research will
incorporate these and other products in an integrated root health approach.
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