TABLE CONTENTS

International Pathways for Introduction and Spread of Invasive Nematode
Species and Options for Risk Management
Hockland, S. (1), I. Moreno (2), L.J.M.F. dem Nijs (3), Z. Sibanda (4), R.C.V. Tenente (5)
& N. Viaene (6)
(1) Plant Health Group, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO24 4HS England, UK; (2) Ministerio
de Agricultura, Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, P.O.Box 4088, Santiago, Chile; (3) National Reference
Laboratory, Plant Protection Service, P.O.Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands; (4) Nematology
Initiative for Eastern and Southern Africa, P.O.Box MP 1306, Harare, Zimbabwe; (5) Embrapa/Cenargen,
Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte final, (70.770-900), Brasília/DF, Brasil; (6) Institute for Agricultural and
Fisheries Research, Plant, Plant Protection, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
A diverse range of plant-parasitic nematodes is being intercepted by national plant protection
organisations (NPPOs) around the world. Listed species are generally uncommon as a result
of phytosanitary regulations, but increasingly action is taken against non-quarantine species
which thus become regulated. Nematodes are being spread by a combination of both old and
new pathways that reflect changing patterns of trade, both with regard to the type of
consignment and the countries involved. A range of imported consignments are targeted for
inspection but generally most regulated nematodes are found in the roots or growing media of
ornamental plants. Nematodes are also being used as bioindicators as the finding of some
species may indicate a contravention of international phytosanitary rules for the production of
certified stock or derogations for certain types of trade. However, the personal baggage and
footwear of international travellers is also being shown to be a pathway of increasing
significance for quarantine and regulated non-quarantine species. But what determines a new
threat? Countries around the world should adopt similar practices as set out in international
standards. Intercepted nematodes often pose a challenge for identification but synchronisation
of taxonomic expertise, as well as experience of eradication or other control procedures, is
essential for simple or more complex pest risk analyses. However, the economic importance
of new threats is often difficult to judge. Other species may pose a risk to national
biodiversities but information is sparse. Methods of eradication usually entail destruction of
consignments with consequent losses. Prevention strategies, the cornerstone of good plant
health practice, will be discussed, together with other options for risk management,
illustrating the mutual importance of exchange of information between nematologists in
different climatic zones which should be encouraged.
5 th International Congress of Nematology, 2008 72