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Antidiabetic activity <strong>of</strong> cow urine and cow urine preparation 791 Table 1. Effect <strong>of</strong> various preparations in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose concentration (mg/dL) Treatment Daily dose (mg/kg) 0th day 3rd day (alloxan) 7th day 14th day 21st day Insulin 1 unit/kg 83.2 ± 3.01 451.22 ± 19.30 349.42 ± 19.2 ∗∗ 201.44 ± 12.50 ∗∗ 133.10 ± 16.52 ∗∗∗ Diabetic control — 93.4 ± 4.23 439.54 ± 15.90 538.22 ± 20.40 517.98 ± 22.21 530.54 ± 15.20 CUP 200 79.50 ± 2.01 451.22 ± 13.40 380.44 ± 12.42 ∗∗ 318.60 ± 11.30 ∗∗ 235.55 ± 12.25 ∗ CUP 400 84.00 ± 3.04 458.80 ± 14.00 360.45 ± 11.18 ∗∗ 279.80 ± 11.08 ∗∗ 203.34 ± 15.10 ∗∗ AP 200 84.10 ± 3.54 478.44 ± 12.16 399.12 ± 13.03 ∗∗ 330.45 ± 13.55 ∗∗ 240.86 ± 18.22 ∗∗ AP 400 88.50 ± 4.65 439.42 ± 14.18 369.72 ± 10.90 ∗∗ 298.24 ± 14.50 ∗∗ 220.67 ± 17.55 ∗∗ CU 200 84.62 ± 5.00 480.42 ± 16.22 490.88 ± 10.30 465.45 ± 13.82 380.20 ± 18.00 ∗ CU 400 80.92 ± 7.01 430.45 ± 17.92 450.88 ± 17.89 410.12 ± 12.56 ∗ 262.40 ± 17.92 ∗∗ CU control 400 85.20 ± 3.46 88.54 ± 2.40 84.22 ± 4.80 87.70 ± 3.40 84.92 ± 4.20 Downloaded by [University <strong>of</strong> Gothenburg] at 21:45 17 September 2015 CUP, cow urine Preparation; AP, aqueous preparation; CU, fresh cow urine; CU control, non diabetic rats treated with fresh cow urine. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM for six observations. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison test. Significant at ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus control. Discussion Cow, Bos indicus is a most valuable animal in all Veda; it is called “the Mother <strong>of</strong> all.” A composition containing cows excretions—urine, dung, milk, curd, and ghee—five ingredients together known as “panchagawya,” is given to women after delivering a baby. Panchagawya is the main ingredient <strong>of</strong> many Ayurvedic preparations (Pathak & Kumar, 2003b). Cow urine, one <strong>of</strong> the ingredients in panchagawya, is believed to have many therapeutic values. In India, cow urine is used by the majority <strong>of</strong> the rural population as a folklore remedy in almost all the states. Agencies in Gujarat have been marketing cow urine preparations from multiple outlets, advertising that they are sterilized and completely fresh, with prices ranging from Rs. 20 to Rs. 30 per bottle. Keeping in view the enormous role <strong>of</strong> cow’s urine in medicinal and veterinary medicine, a scientific experiment was performed in rats to elucidate the effect <strong>of</strong> cow urine and cow urine containing preparation as an antidiabetic. Alloxan produces hyperglycemia by a selective cytotoxic effect on pancreatic beta cells. One <strong>of</strong> the intracellular phenomena for its cytotoxicity is through generation <strong>of</strong> free radicals demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro (Yadav et al., 2002). Our investigations indicate the efficiency <strong>of</strong> the herbal preparations in maintaining blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The glucose-lowering activity observed in diabetic animals may be due to stimulation <strong>of</strong> beta cells <strong>of</strong> pancreatic islets or stimulation <strong>of</strong> glycogenesis (Miura et al., 2001). This may be due to the presence <strong>of</strong> some hypoglycemic principles in the plants used in these preparations because all these plants are well known for their antidiabetic action (Grover et al., 2002; Kar et al., 2003; Mohamed et al., 2006; Pulok et al., 2006), and these plants have different types <strong>of</strong> mechanisms in reducing blood glucose levels. Comparatively, the preparation using cow urine was found to exhibit better activity than did the one prepared using distilled water. This could not be correlated with the nature <strong>of</strong> the phytoconstituents present in the extracts because both extracts contains the same nature <strong>of</strong> constituents. The interesting observation in our study was the antidiabetic activity <strong>of</strong> pure cow urine. The hypoglycemic effect was not observed in the normal rats treated with fresh cow urine, and this indicates that the possible mechanism behind the antidiabetic effect <strong>of</strong> fresh cow urine may be due to its stimulation in peripheral use <strong>of</strong> glucose. According to literature, cow urine was found to exhibit an antioxidant effect (Krishnamurthi et al., 2004). Free radicals are implicated in wide range <strong>of</strong> diseases including diabetes; the antioxidant activity <strong>of</strong> cow urine also may be one <strong>of</strong> the reasons for its observed antidiabetic effect. Chemopr<strong>of</strong>iling <strong>of</strong> cow urine in our laboratory confirmed the presence <strong>of</strong> protein, urea, uric acid, creatinine, phenol, aromatic acids, enzymes such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and vitamins (Gowenlock & McMurray, 1988). Along with these, there may be some other constituents that may be responsible for the observed activity. From these observations, it was clear that the better activity <strong>of</strong> herbal preparation prepared using cow urine may be due to its synergistic effect with cow urine or, according to ancient literature, cow urine is a wonderful solvent for extraction, and so it is the ability <strong>of</strong> cow urine to extract out more active constituents from the herbal drugs and thereby increase antidiabetic activity. Further pharmacological investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanism <strong>of</strong> the observed antihyperglycemic effect. This study supports the claim <strong>of</strong> the traditional healers <strong>of</strong> Mandsaur. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Gayathri Parivar (local traditional healers) for providing the necessary information to carry out this <strong>research</strong> work.
792 E.E. Jarald et al. Downloaded by [University <strong>of</strong> Gothenburg] at 21:45 17 September 2015 References Ainapure SS, Arjaria PD, Sawant VR, Baid PS, Maste SS, Varda AB (1985): Hypoglycemic activity <strong>of</strong> an indigenous preparation. Indian J Pharmacol 17: 238–239. Brain KR, Turner TD (1975): The Practical Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Phytopharmaceuticals. Bristol, Wright-Scientechnica, pp. 10–30. Gowenlock AH, McMurray RJ (1988): Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry. New Dehli, CBS Publishers and Distributors, pp. 149–153. Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V (2002): Medicinal plants <strong>of</strong> India with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol 81: 81–100. Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay NG (2003): Comparative evaluation <strong>of</strong> hypoglycaemic activity <strong>of</strong> some Indian medicinal plants in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 84: 105–108. Khandelwal KR (2005): Practical Pharmacognosy. Pune,Nirali Prakashan, pp. 152–154. Krishnamurthi K, Dutta D, Devi SS, Chakrabarti T (2004): Protective effect <strong>of</strong> distillate and redistillate <strong>of</strong> cow’s urine in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes challenged with established genotoxic chemicals. Biomed Environ Sci 17: 57–66. MiuraT,ItohC,IwamotoN,AatoM,KawaiM,ParkSR,SuzikiI (2001): Hypoglycemic activity <strong>of</strong> the fruit <strong>of</strong> the Momordica charantia in Type 2 diabetic mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 47: 340–344. Mohamed B, Abderrahim Z, Hassane M, Abdelhafid T, Abdelkhaleq L (2006): Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity—A review <strong>of</strong> ten years <strong>of</strong> herbal medicine <strong>research</strong> (1990–2000): Int J Diabetes Metab 14: 1–25. Mukherjee KP (2002): Quality Control <strong>of</strong> Herbal Drugs. New Delhi, New Business Horrizons, p. 525. Nyholm B, Porksen N, Juhl CB, Gravholt CH, Butler PC, Weeke J, Veldhuis JD, Pincus S, Schmitz O (2000): Assessment <strong>of</strong> insulin secretion in relatives <strong>of</strong> patients with type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: evidence <strong>of</strong> early β-cell dysfunction. Metabolism 49: 896–905. Okinea LKN, Nyarkob AK, Osei-Kwabenaa N, Oppongc IV, Barnesa F, Ofosuheneb M (2005): The antidiabetic activity <strong>of</strong> the herbal preparation ADD-199 in mice: A comparative study with two oral hypoglycaemic drugs. J Ethnopharmacol 97: 31–38. Pathak ML, Kumar A (2003a): Cow praising and importance <strong>of</strong> Panchyagawya as medicine. Sachitra Ayurveda 5: 56– 59. Pathak ML, Kumar A (2003b): Gomutra a descriptive study. SachitraAyurveda7: 81–84. Porchezian E, Ansari SH, Shreedharan NKK (2000): Antihyperglycemic activity <strong>of</strong> Euphrasia <strong>of</strong>ficinale leaves. Fitoterapia 71: 522–526. Pulok KM, Kuntal M, Kakali M, Peter JH (2006): Leads from Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. J Ethnopharmacol 106: 1–28. Som NS, Praveen V, Shoba S, Radhey S, Kumria MML, Ranganathan S, Sridharan K (2001): Effect <strong>of</strong> an antidiabetic extract <strong>of</strong> Catharanthus roseus on enzymic activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 76: 269–277. Yadav S, Vats V, Dhunnoo Y, Grover JK (2002): Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity <strong>of</strong> Murraya koenigii leaves in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 82: 111–116.
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