Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 with adequate training in this complex area of coral reef and coastal management and conservation. This capacity gap has been mentioned in all priority-setting workshops with donors and implementing agencies. The quality of coral reef monitoring methods is improving in all countries with increasing technical capability of staff, yet some monitoring programmes continue using outdated methods that are derived more by institutional history than data quality. Another recurring theme is the lack of connection between science and management, both from the outputs offered by scientists, and the use of scientific findings by managers. Greater involvement by managers and scientists together in the formulation and reporting of research and monitoring programmes is necessary. Another gap is in the integration of users and their knowledge base in management, particularly where there is a lack of information and expertise within the management team. Trans-boundary and cross-border issues in management of coral reefs are increasingly becoming apparent though there is currently little integration across national borders. Many of the threats are common to most countries, such as natural threats (El Niño) and artisanal fishing, or there is a spill-over of threats from one country to the next e.g. destructive fishing practises across the Tanzania-Kenya border and scuba diving tourism in South Africa moving into southern Mozambique. The most significant cross-border differences are in political and administrative areas, where technical resources, protected area and coastal management policy and practice may be completely different or even at odds. Improvements in these areas will require increased professionalism and commitment to objectives within East African institutions, as well as more rationalised donor and outsideagency support to coral reef and MPA initiatives in the region. CORE CONCLUSIONS • East African coral reefs have faced increasing threats throughout the last decades of the 20 th century, culminating in the widespread devastation of approximately 30-50% of reefs during the 1998 El Niño. • A large capacity of human resources and knowledge in research and management exists in East Africa to study the effects of this devastation on reefs and human populations dependent on them, and to formulate management plans to deal with degradation issues. • All East African countries are improving legislative frameworks for implementing action. Nevertheless, more coordinated action is needed to better address the increasing likelihood of future threats on the scale of the recent El Niño. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE CORAL REEF CONSERVATION Three primary recommendations are highlighted in this review, arising primarily from the massive impacts of the El Niño coral bleaching, and the regional scale of coral reef losses: • National Monitoring Programmes: while there is improved capacity and rigour in coral reef and resource monitoring, more rational management planning remains a critical need. Increased standardisation of methods, data processing and archiving are all needed across research groups and countries. Longer term commitment of support, from local institutions to international donors, is needed to give the 74
Status of Coral Reefs in East Africa necessary longevity to monitoring at national and regional levels. None of the countries have a functioning centralised database of coral reef monitoring data, though these nominally exist in some cases. Greater openness and collaboration among relevant institutions within countries (local, national and international), and financial support for appropriate staff to manage a national database are needed. • Management Issues: An increased use of scientific information and monitoring resulting in management decision making is necessary to respond to dramatic changes in reef status in a timely manner. The establishment and support of forums to coordinate science-management integration at the scale of relevant issues would help break down these barriers. Co-management and empowerment of users and local populations is critical in instances where subsistence economies are reliant on reef resources, and where there is insufficient ‘modern’ information from science and management on critical issues. • An improved framework for support of coral reef conservation is needed at national and regional levels, requiring rationalisation among sectoral interests within countries, political support and cooperation at the regional level, and donor commitment for regionally coordinated efforts. Support for region-wide initiatives, as well as localised cross-border issues, is needed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION David Obura (dobura@africaonline.co.ke) is the coordinator for CORDIO for Eastern Africa and works out of Mombasa, Kenya. Mohammed Suleiman (mohammed@zims.udsm.ac.tz) works for the Institute of Marine Science (IMS) in Zanziba. Helena Motta (coastal@tropical.co.mz) works for the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) in Mozambique. Michael Schleyer (seaworld@dbn.lia.net) works at the Oceanographic Research Institute in South Africa. 75
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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