Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 although they survived the Gulf War oil spill and are dominated by massive Porites, Montipora and Platygyra. At least 35 coral species are found on Kuwaiti reefs along with conspicuous sea urchins (Echinometra mathaei and Diadema setosum), which occur in dense populations (20-80 per m 2 ) on many reefs. There are 124 fish species with the damselfish the most abundant, and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nest on the coral cays. Threats to coral reefs include damage from fishing and anchors, flipper damage from divers, over-fishing, lost fishing gear, solid waste disposal, and the extreme environmental conditions. Most of the reefs are close to the shore and are major tourist and fishing areas. Anchors have destroyed large tracts of the reefs at all sites, and over-fishing has reduced populations of large predators, such that few fish greater than 20cm are seen. Oil pollution, however, has not caused massive mortalities to reefs, even though most were in the path of the massive oil spill during the Gulf War. Oman Seawater temperature is the major factor controlling the distribution of coral reefs in the northern Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. There are major temperature differences between the Gulf of Oman and the northern Arabian Sea during the summer southwest monsoon season, which show up in the nature and distribution of coral communities in Oman. Wind is the other factor influencing upwellings, which result in temperatures changing by as much as 8ºC in 2 hours down to 10m depth. Such upwellings in the northern Arabian Sea result in seawater temperatures being around 19 o C throughout summer. There were 2 significant bleaching events during the past 10 years: in the summer of 1990 in the Gulf of Oman, seawater temperatures reached 39 o C for several days; in May 1998 at Dhofhar, temperatures reached 30 o C. Solar radiation during the monsoon (June-September 1998) was 170-180% higher than average because of low cloud density and thinner fog normally associated with the upwelling (all suggest a weak upwelling during that monsoon season). Between 75% and 95% of Stylophora colonies bleached and 50% of large Porites colonies were partially bleached in water less than 5m on the Marbat peninsula, Arabian Sea in May 1998. Other genera were also affected. Mortality was estimated to be around 5%, and temperatures were 29.5 and 31.5 o C, but 50km to the east no bleaching was observed at temperatures between 25 and 25.5 o C. No bleaching was observed or reported in the Muscat Area in the Gulf of Oman (23 o 37N; 58 o 35E; temperatures to 30.5 o C). Bleaching in Dhofar occurred in May immediately before the summer monsoon upwelling. After the upwelling in September 1999, only dead corals covered in algae were observed indicating almost 100% mortality from bleaching in very shallow (2-3m) waters. Corals in deeper water appeared unaffected with low levels of mortality. On the southwest tip of Masirah Island and southeast corner of the reef complex around Barr Al Hickman there was little or no mortality during 1998. No bleaching was seen in Hallaniyat Islands from February-April 1998 and corals around the islands of Al Hallaniyah, A’Sawda, and Al Qibliah were healthy in January 2000, with high coral cover and very large (5m diameter) tables of Acropora clathrata and Porites colonies greater than 4m in diameter. 60
Status of Coral Reefs in the Arabian/Persian Gulf Although seawater temperatures were raised (30-32 o C) from mid-April until December 1998 in the Gulf of Oman, there was no bleaching (and no change in mid 2000 at the Daymaniyat Islands). However, low-density infestations of crown-of-thorns starfish were observed, causing significant damage in limited areas (100m x 50m) of the reef. Live coral cover at 53 sites around the Musandam peninsula was 10-20% at half of the sites, and 50- 90% at over 25% of the sites. White band disease was seen in some Acropora and Platygyra at 5 sites, mostly in sheltered areas with high seawater temperatures. Qatar Fringing reefs occur along the north and east coasts, with a generally high coral cover but low species diversity (
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
Page 23 and 24: Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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