Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 coral species. There are about 240 hard coral species on the Socotra archipelago, making it one of the richest sites in the western Indian Ocean. The high diversity occurs because there is a mix of coral fauna from different part of Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Cover of stony corals , dead corals, soft corals and algae is highly variable at sites in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Socotra archipelago. In the northern Yemen Red Sea, there has been extensive coral mortality in the past 10 years with major reductions in living coral cover. Reefs of the southern Yemen Red Sea, and fringing offshore islands, were less disturbed, and had higher living coral cover. Semi-protected island reefs in the northern Yemen Red Sea had low average live coral cover (17%), high average dead coral cover (34%) and high macroalgae cover (20%). The northern and central coast and nearshore islands had very low live coral cover (3%), with very high recently dead coral (averaging 34%) and macroalgae cover (34%). Clear water reefs facing the open sea had the highest live coral cover (29%) and lowest dead coral cover (14%) in the Yemen Red Sea, along with the highest coral species diversity (46) and the largest coral colonies. Deep water pinnacles and submerged patch reefs once high coral cover (52%), but now there are similar levels of live (24%) and dead coral (28%). Exposed reefs with algal crests and mono-specific corals often had dead coral (branching and table Acropora colonies plus dead massive corals). Previously these had very high coral cover (averaging over 50%), but now it was mostly dead standing coral (44%). Southern fringing reefs also have more dead corals (23%) than live corals (15%), with cover of macroalgae (14%). STATUS OF REEF COMMUNITIES AND FISHERIES The surveys of 1997 - 2000 on coral reef communities also collected information on fish communities and biodiversity, through rapid habitat assessments, timed swims and belt transects. The following summarises artisanal and commercial fisheries for each country. Djibouti Fishes are relatively well distributed and are generally not over-exploited e.g. sharks were sighted at 4 places. Angelfish were observed in all surveys, with counts from 6 to 31, and frequently with 10 or more angelfish. Total butterflyfish counts ranged from 8 to 110, with Gonochaetodon larvatus the most abundant. Grouper abundance ranged from 0 to 56, and often with 20 or more. The most frequently observed species was Cephalopholis hemistiktos. Commercial fisheries are limited in Djibouti; however, subsistence fishing is important, with about 90 artisanal fishing boats (mostly small, 6-8m open boats with outboard engines and crews of 3 for day trips). There are 15 larger boats (10-14m with 5 man crews that can go out for 4 days). Thus it is mostly small scale, subsistence fishing with hook and line, and there are no fish processing plants. About 75% of the catch is landed at Boulaos between May, and September, with other landings at Escale, Tadjourah and Obock. Catches are composed of grouper (23%), Spanish mackerel (14%), red snappers (13%), antak (12%), blackspot snapper (10%), bonito (5%) and jacks (4%). Fisheries production increased from 200 metric tonnes in 1980 to 400mt in 1984 and 700mt in 1988. Production decreased dramatically between 1991 to 1994, due to political unrest. Egypt Fish surveys noted 261 species in 89 genera in the Egyptian Red Sea, with more on the southern reefs than those further north. Exposed reefs generally had more species than sheltered reefs, probably due to fewer divers and fishermen in these areas. Pomacentridae 44
Regional Status of Coral Reefs in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (damselfishes) were the most abundant family (16-26 species across all sites), followed by 20 species of Labridae (wrasses). The most common damselfish was Chromis dimidiata, and the most common wrasse was Labricus quadrilineatus. Parrotfishes were least abundant with only 9 species; Hipposcarus harid and Scarus ferrugineus were the most common. Red Sea fisheries contribute approximately 11-14% of the total annual Egyptian fish production, with 44% of this from coral reefs. Large fishing boats generally fish in southern Red Sea waters, but land most of their catch in Suez. Fisheries are regulated by the General Authority for Fish Resources Development of the Ministry of Agriculture, which aims to increase fish catches to 70,000mt by 2017, but there is currently no active management of the Egyptian Red Sea fisheries. Over 7% of the national workforce are involved in fisheries, with 78% of marine fish landings occurring through Suez. There are 27 commercial reef fish species, but 5 constitute over 48% of the 22,000mt annual. The balance is made up of crustaceans, offshore pelagic fishes and demersal fishes (in equal proportions). Fish catches increased in 1993, and then decreased steadily. Jordan There are no recent data on reef fish biodiversity. Commercial and artisanal fishing is based in Aqaba with about 85 fishermen and 40 boats. Total catch in 1995 was 15mt, down from 103mt in 1993 and the maximum of 194mt in 1966. There are no cold storage facilities and catches are sold on landing. Saudi Arabia There are no recent data on coral reef fish fauna for the Red Sea, and past records vary greatly from 776 species in 1971, to 1,000 species in 1984, to 508 species in 1987, and 325 species in 1988. The differences reflect what definition of ‘reef fish’ was used. The fishery in Saudi Arabia was almost exclusively artisanal from small boats and larger Sambouks until 1981. Coral reef fisheries occur along the Red Sea, with most fishing boats in the south, many of which are prawn trawlers and pelagic fishing boats. Fishery statistics do not distinguish specific reef fisheries, or between Red Sea and Gulf fisheries. Reliable long-term catch and effort data are required to implement specific management for reef fish. Somalia Reef fish are diverse and abundant, with the presence of large schools as well as large fishes, which all indicate low exploitation. The reef fish community differed considerably from the eastern Arabian Peninsula to the north eastern Africa to the south, and the Red Sea to the west, particularly for the families Chaetodontidae, Acanthuridae and Balistidae. Fishing is limited and almost entirely artisanal, with scattered landing sites (Caluula, Xabo, Qandala, Laas Qoray, Berbera, Lughaye, and Saylac). These fisheries are essential for the livelihood of much of the coastal population. Somali fishermen target demersal stocks and some reef fish using basic fishing gear. Lobster are taken on nearshore reefs in the south east, and most commercial operations are through illegal foreign vessels (mainly from Yemen), that provide no statistics. The small northern Somali fishing industry is located at Berbera, Siyara and Karin using gill nets and hook and line methods from small canoes. Turtles are harvested opportunistically, both by harpooning at sea and capturing nesting turtles. There are permanent gill nets around the coral reefs at Siyara to catch sharks for the sharkfin export. The potential yield of small pelagic fish has been estimated at 70,000 to 100,000mt for the entire Somali coast. 45
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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Page 19 and 20: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
Page 21 and 22: Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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17. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE EA
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Easter
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18. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTHE
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Status of Coral Reefs in Southern T
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19. SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS, CORAL
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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