Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Colombia created the National Environmental System (SINA) and the Ministry of the Environment through Law 99 of 1993. Panamá created a general law for the environment and the National Environmental Authority through Law 41 of 1998. Venezuela is working on a Law of Biodiversity which is about to be approved which will enable the creation of a Biological Diversity National Agency to manage and preserve the biological diversity and the genetic resources. GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY There has been reef monitoring in the region for 20 years and all countries have recognised the need to implement coordinated national monitoring programmes. However substantive monitoring programmes are limited to a few sites with a need for more comprehensive monitoring and expansion throughout the region. A lack of funding is the principal restriction on attempts to improve national capacities for conservation of the marine resources. Although there are numerous national parks and reserves with coral reefs, and government agencies for the environment within these countries, infrastructure and resources are insufficient for effective control and enforcement of regulations The CARICOMP programme has been very important in stimulating and increasing monitoring capacity in the Wider Caribbean, but there are only 1 or 2 monitoring sites per country. ‘Reef Check’ activities have contributed to an expansion of monitoring coverage in COUNTRIES COSTA RICA PANAMÁ COLOMBIA VENEZUELA BRAZIL ATTRIBUTES Marine research institutions 2 2 7 6 4 Active reef researchers 4 6 21 6 21 Reef monitoring programmes CARICOMP CARICOMP CARICOMP CARICOMP None CIMAR STRI SIMAC Reef Check Reef Check Reef Keeper Monitored reef localities 4 9 6 1 0 Reef monitoring stations 13 21 22 3 0 Years of reef monitoring 15 20 9 9 0 Monitored parameters 16 15 15 13 0 1999 monitoring investment 23,000 182,000 34,000 10,000 0 (US$) Funding capacity for monitoring Low Low Low Low Low Professional capacity for High High High High High monitoring Logistic capacity for monitoring Low High High Medium High Current reef monitoring capacity in countries of the Southern Tropical America region shows a wide disparity in capacity and expenditure on monitoring. 344
Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America some countries (e.g. Colombia and Panamá), although the depth and quality of data is less rigorous due to the use of volunteer, non-professional personnel and a rapid protocol. Brazil is the only country that has not yet implemented any substantial reef monitoring. All countries in the region have high professional capacity and generally good logistics to implement the required monitoring, but funding is limited to develop and maintain national monitoring programmes. Colombia is the only country that has a national integrated coral reef monitoring programmes (SIMAC). Two workshops since 1998 were used to design and implement SIMAC, while simultaneously gathering data from Caribbean and Pacific sites. However there is a risk that current economic problems in Colombia will interrupt the SIMAC programme, although several Colombian institutions have made commitments to maintaining the monitoring system over the long-term. Furthermore, the system is still in an early stage, covering only 5 of nearly 30 Colombian reef localities. CONCLUSIONS The coastal environment in Southern Tropical America is characterized by strong continental influences (river discharges, upwelling) which inhibit the development of extensive coral formations. Nevertheless, biodiversity on Caribbean reefs is comparable to other Western Atlantic regions, and Brazilian reefs contain an unusually high proportion of endemic coral species. SIMAC: THE FIRST NATION WIDE REEF MONITORING PROGRAMME IN THE STA REGION As in many parts of the world, a considerable decline in coral reef health was observed in Colombia during the 1980s. Nevertheless, coral reef monitoring in Colombia did not start until 1992 when the “Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras” (INVEMAR) joined the CARICOMP programme and implemented one monitoring station along the Caribbean coast. Based on this experience an expanded nation-wide reef monitoring programme was launched by INVEMAR in 1997 with the organisation of SIMAC (Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo de Arrecifes Coralinos en Colombia), with the support of COLCIENCIAS, other Colombian institutions and UNEP-RCU/CAR. A basic sampling programme (Level 1) was implemented in 1998 at 4 important reef areas (3 in the Caribbean, 1 in the Pacific). The Level 1 protocol consists of water quality measurements and yearly estimates of benthic reef cover, coral disease incidence, and fish diversity and abundance, at 2 sampling sites in each area. This protocol was formulated during national workshops in 1998 and 1999, to determine strategies and institutional coordination to maintain SIMAC in the long term. All the involved institutions have agreed to continue supporting SIMAC until after the end of COLCIENCIAS funded project in 2000, through the coordination of INVEMAR. However, current economic problems in Colombia may interrupt some of the SIMAC activities or preclude its expansion to other reef areas (the system is covering only 5 of nearly 30 Colombian reef localities). SIMAC has also promoted community monitoring by providing organizational, technical support and funding to Reef Check activities in several Colombian reef sites during the last 3 years. The SIMAC experience has been also essential for the organisation of the GCRMN STA regional Node in 2000. 345
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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