Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 no monitoring • Los Corales del Archipelago de San Andres, Providencia, Santa Catalina y Cayos – Special Management Area since 1996: SIMAC, CARICOMP and Reef Check monitoring since 1998. Pacific: • Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona - National Park since 1983: SIMAC and Reef Check monitoring since 1998. • Parque Nacional Ensenada de Utría - National Park since 1986: no monitoring; • Santuario de Fauna y Flora Isla de Malpelo - Sanctuary of Fauna and Flora since 1955: no monitoring. Costa Rica There is no extraction of corals or live rock within the Costa Rican marine protected areas, but artisanal fishing continues, in some cases due to social problems and in others due to lack of control. Caribbean: • Parque Nacional Cahuita - Natural Park: CARICOMP monitoring since 1999, tourism starting to be regulated; • Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo - National Wildlife Refuge: monitoring will start in 2000. Pacific: • Parque Marino Ballena - Marine Park: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio - National Park: no monitoring; • Area de Conservación Marina Isla del Coco - Marine Conservation Area: tourism being regulated, monitoring plans being designed; • Area de Conservación de Osa - Conservation Area: no monitoring; • Area de Conservación Guanacaste - Conservation Area: no monitoring; • Reserva Absoluta Cabo Blanco - Absolute Reserve: no monitoring; • Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño - Biological Reserve: reef monitoring since 1984; tourism being regulated. Panama Protected areas in Panama include the best coral reefs on both of the Caribbean and Pacific sides, but the total area of reefs inside parks and reserves is not known. There are no adequate inventories of marine fauna and flora in the protected areas and information about the marine biota is very scarce. There are 3 levels of protection for the reserves (National Parks, Wildlife Refuges and Indian Reserves), however, the use of resources is generally the same for all as there are no management objectives and plans. Caribbean: • Reserva Indígena Kuna-Yala - Indian Reserve since 1953: reef monitoring between 1992-1997; • Reserva Indígena Ngöbe-Buglé - Indian Reserve since 1997: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Portobelo - National Park since 1976: Reef Check and Reef Keeper monitoring since 1997; 342
Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America • Parque Nacional Isla Galeta - National Park since 1999: STRI monitoring since 1970; • Parque Nacional Marina Isla Bastimentos (Bocas del Toro) - Marine National Park since 1988: CARICOMP monitoring since 1999. Pacific: • Refugio de Vida Silvestre Isla Iguana - Wildlife Refuge since 1981: no monitoring; • Refugio de Vida Silvestre Isla Taboga - Wildlife Refuge since 1984: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Coiba - National Park since 1991: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Cerro Hoya - National Park since 1984: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Golfo de Chiriquí - National Park since 1994: no monitoring; Venezuela The Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES) manages the national parks in Venezuela, of which Los Roques is the only island and marine area. There are other oceanic islands such as La Blanquilla, La Orchila and Refugio de Fauna Isla de Aves, which are military bases with restricted access, but not managed by INPARQUES. • Parque Nacional Mochima - National Park: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Morrocoy - National Park: CARICOMP monitoring since 1992; • Parque Nacional San Esteban - National Park: no monitoring; • Parque Nacional Archipiélago de Los Roques - National Park: no monitoring. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LEGISLATION Despite the great importance of coral reefs in the region and the clear evidence of accelerated degradation, there are few specific government policies and laws to promote the study (including monitoring), sustainable use and conservation of coral reef systems in this region. Most protection takes place through the inclusion of reef areas within natural parks and other reserves; however, most of these are ‘paper parks’ and effective protection is limited to a few example areas. Only Colombia and Panamá have developed specific national regulations that prohibit the extraction, exploitation and trade of hard corals (Resolution 1002 of 1969 from INDERENA in Colombia and Res. J.D.-033 of 1993 from IRENARE in Panamá) and reef fishes for the aquarium trade (Executive Decree 29 of 1994 in Panamá). In Brazil, there is also a specific local law (State Constitution, Article 215, Chapter VIII) which declares coral reef areas for permanent protection along the coast of the state of Bahia. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has been ratified by Colombia (Law 17, 1981), Costa Rica, Panamá (Law 14, 1977), and Venezuela. Other international treaties pertinent to the conservation of coastal resources have been ratified in the region, such us the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment in the Southeastern Pacific Coastal Zone (Colombia: Law 45, 1985), the Convention for Protection and Management of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (Colombia: Law 56, 1987; Costa Rica), the Convention on Global Climate Change (Colombia: Law 64, 1994; Costa Rica), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (Colombia: Law 165, 1994; Costa Rica and Venezuela). Recent efforts in several countries have been made to organise national systems and legislation for the management and conservation of the environment and biodiversity. 343
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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