Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 several nearby unpopulated atolls (Courtown, Albuquerque, Serrana and Roncador). The San Andrés archipelago is the only Colombian reef area directly impacted by hurricanes. At Islas del Rosario, live coral cover loss was about 20% between 1983 and 1990. CARICOMP data from Chengue Bay (Tayrona Natural Park) since 1993 show that coral cover has been stable following major degradation of the 1980s. This is the only long term monitoring site in Colombia, and coral cover has remained around 35% with algae cover remaining around 50%. The 1997-98 ENSO event had little effect on Colombian Caribbean reefs, with less than 5% coral bleaching and insignificant coral mortality. The mean incidence of coral disease in several Caribbean and Pacific sites in 1998 and 1999 (through the SIMAC monitoring programme) was less than 5% for all areas except San Andrés island (8.6%). The most frequent diseases in the Caribbean side were ‘dark spots, white plague and yellow band’. Pacific coral reefs had high bleaching during the 1982-83 ENSO event but have largely recovered, particularly the dominant Pocillopora communities. Live coral cover in Gorgona Island declined from 70% to 15% during the 1982-83 event, but recovered to near 60% levels in 1998. Seawater temperatures were high along the Colombian Pacific coast during the 1997-98 ENSO although bleaching levels were moderate and mortality was low. The maximum bleaching was on Gorgona Island affecting about 20% of the corals, and a decline in live coral cover from 62% to 56% in 1999. The oceanic island of Malpelo suffered similar coral decline with coral cover declining from 65% in 1972 to 45% in 1999 at El Arrecife, and this reduction was probably related as well to the 1982-83 El Niño event. A high incidence of white band disease was observed on Pocillopora corals of Malpelo in June 1999. At La Chola reef in Utria, the mean coral cover (33%) did not change between 1989 and 1996, but there was a major increase in macro-algal cover. Panama Reefs on the Caribbean coast have lost considerable live coral cover in the central and eastern areas, whereas there is still high coral cover on western reefs, e.g. coral cover can be up to 75%, with a mean above 25% on Bocas del Toro archipelago. Reefs along the central coast have been affected by heavy industrial and urban development, for example Coral Cover (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Kuna-Yala (San Blas) - Panamá Panama 1983 1988 1993 1997 Year Changes in live coral cover from 1983 to 1997 in the area of Porvenir, Kuna-Yala (San Blas), Caribbean coast of Panama 336
Status of Coral Reefs in Southern Tropical America there is now less than 6% of coral cover at Bahía Las Minas and about 13% at the Parque Nacional Portobelo. In the San Blas (eastern coast) area, coral cover dramatically declined from 40% down to below 15% due to natural and anthropogenic causes. Many reefs in the Pacific were destroyed by the 1982-83 ENSO event and very little recovery has been observed. Mortality ranged from 50 to 100% in some areas, particularly in the Gulf of Panamá. Several reefs in Las Perlas archipelago now have less than 2% coral cover, while at Isla Iguana (west from Las Perlas) coral cover is above 30%, probably the highest along the Pacific coast of Panamá. Venezuela There is little recent information about the status and changes in the coral reefs. Coral reef health and other animal communities collapsed in Morrocoy Natural Park during the 5 years to 1996, with coral cover reducing from 43% to less than 5%. This mass mortality was related to a climatic and oceanographic anomaly that resulted in a severe phytoplankton bloom followed by sudden oxygen depletion, but also to chemical pollution. Many diseased coral colonies (2-11%) were observed in the summer of 1999 in Morrocoy, with yellow band, white plague and dark spots being common diseases. The oceanic islands of Venezuela have the most pristine reefs e.g. coral cover at the Archipelago de Aves ranged from 75-80% in the mid 1970s, but there are no recent assessments of this area. AGRRA surveys of the Los Roques Archipelago during 1999-2000 showed coral cover near 60% for several sites, with mean coral cover of 27%. Coral diseases (yellow band, black band, white plague, dark spots and white band) were observed in the archipelago in several coral species during 1999. STATUS OF CORAL REEF FISHES Data on reef fisheries and the status of reef fish populations are extremely scarce in this region, however the general consensus is that that coral reefs fish communities have been changed markedly and populations of important commercial species are severely depleted, particularly in the Caribbean. These changes are probably related to the general degradation of the reefs and over-exploitation of fish stocks. In Costa Rica, the aquarium trade has resulted in reductions in populations of target species of Thalassoma lucassanum, Pomacanthus zonipectus and Holacanthus passer. Recent fish counts during SIMAC monitoring programme in Colombia on Caribbean reefs showed few commercial species and snappers and groupers were absent or had densities less than 1 fish per 60m 2 . However, populations of the three-spot damselfish (Stegastes planifrons) apparently increased and are now resulting in significant coral mortality with high fish densities at all sites (5.8-34.1 ind/60m 2 ). Fish counts on Gorgona Island (in the Pacific) showed that the snapper Lutjanus viridis and the parrotfish Scarus ghobban were the most abundant target species. On the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, 1999 there were abundant Stegastes planifrons (mean density 19.2 ind/60m 2 ) in the Morrocoy Natural Park, whereas the parrotfish Scarus iserti was the most common at Los Roques archipelago (9 ind/60m 2 ). Surveys have showed that important commercial species are now rare in continental reefs, whereas they are still abundant on most oceanic islands of Venezuela. 337
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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