Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION The Fisheries Acts and Regulations for Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Grenada are similar, through a harmonising of fisheries legislation. As an example, in St. Lucia, the legislation prohibits the use of dynamite and poisons, collection and sale of, and damage to corals and sponges, and allows for the creation of Marine Reserves, with regulation of activities in Marine Reserves without a permit, and allows the establishment of Local Fisheries Management Authorities. Additional national legislation has been established specifically for MPAs and marine environmental management, such as the Marine Areas Act (1982) and National Parks Act (1984) in Antigua and Barbuda, the National Conservation and Environment Protection Act no. 5 (1987) in St. Kitts and Nevis. Although members of the OECS, the UK Territories do not adopt the harmonised acts but they can establish ordinances, such as the BVI’s National Marine Park and Protected Area Ordinance no. 8 of 1979. In Barbados, two sets of legislation were passed in 1998 and proclaimed in 2000. The Coastal Zone Management Act provides a comprehensive statutory basis for coastal management and planning in Barbados. It seeks to coordinate and update the existing fragmented statutes relevant to coastal management and makes provision for critical areas of concern not covered by current legislation. The Act provides the legal basis for the preparation of a Coastal Management Plan, which establishes and clearly sets out the Government’s coastal management policy and technical guidelines for the use and allocation of coastal resources. The Act specifically deals with protection of marine resources, for example destruction of corals and fouling of the foreshore. It also encompasses the designation of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Parks. The Marine Pollution and Control Act focuses on the quality of the marine waters on the south and west coasts of the island. Overall, the legislation seeks to prevent, reduce and control pollution from various sources, and recognises that much of the marine pollution originates from land based sources and activities. Both these Acts seek to ensure that the provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Plan are consistently applied, and there is conformity in the Acts in the establishment of coastal water quality standards which are to be enforced. The French Caribbean There is legislation regulating fishing activities (decree #094-77 bis; 1998) for Guadeloupe, Saint-Barthélémy and (French) Saint Martin. Fishing and collecting of any non-commercial marine plants or benthic invertebrates, and fishing or collecting using scuba are all prohibited. Similar laws exist for Martinique. A minimum mesh size for the Caribbean trap is 38mm, as are mesh sizes of nets, and non-professional fishermen are prohibited from selling their catch. There are also regulations controlling the harvest of sea urchin, queen conch, and spiny lobsters, with either stipulations on size limits, harvest seasons or quotas to license holders. Specific laws have been formulated to control the sale of potentially ciguatoxic fish species, and to protect sea turtles and their eggs. These regulations are relatively well accepted in Guadeloupe and Saint-Barthélémy, but not on Saint-Martin, where a lack of coordination with the Dutch part of the island (Sint-Maarten) makes enforcement difficult. 326
Status of Coral Reefs in the Eastern Caribbean The Netherlands Antilles The Bonaire Marine Park is protected under the Marine Environment Ordinance (A.B 1991 Nr.8). Plans are still underway to have legislation passed protecting the Curaçao Marine Park. GAPS IN CURRENT MONITORING AND CONSERVATION CAPACITY Any analysis of the monitoring and management capacity within government and nongovernmental agencies in the 8 islands in the eastern Caribbean shows that capacity to maintain monitoring programmes to guide management varies greatly, but that the need for improved management of reef resources is considered to be important. Islands with marine research institutions, such as Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago, are able to maintain viable programmes, either for national management or for the regional CARICOMP programme. Where monitoring is the responsibility of a government Fisheries Department, activities are constrained by a shortage of manpower or a lack of the expertise required to participate in regional initiatives, and a need to concentrate on fisheries management priorities. The availability of the Reef Check protocols have been effective in allowing both government agencies and NGOs in some islands to begin monitoring where it has not previously been possible. There is little monitoring of reef fish populations in most islands, except for monitoring of catches at some landing sites, however there is often undersampling due to the variety of species involved and the grouping of species. Length frequencies for reef species are rarely included in the fisheries data collection systems. Antigua and Barbuda There are no baseline data and monitoring is currently limited to qualitative observations. Monitoring and control are difficult as MPAs are not yet marked. There is no government budget allocated for monitoring and conservation, and long-term funding is needed to implement the programme that is planned by the Fisheries Division. Dominica Effective monitoring has been hampered by lack of resources. Barbados Gaps include the monitoring of algal blooms, studies of coral recruitment and growth, and research on the status of reef fish stocks. Conservation capacity is hindered by the inadequate number of people qualified to carry out the necessary research and monitoring activities, and the lack of a strong tradition in community based management approaches. Traditionally, coral reef management has been conducted primarily by central government and communities have not been invited to participate. 327
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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15. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE NO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Northe
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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