Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 reduce inappropriate port management, shipping and navigation practices must be created. The importance of addressing trans-boundary threats is emphasised. • Unsustainable fishing practices throughout the region must be reduced by: enforcing existing fishery regulations and improving compliance; designing new regulations that reflect an ecosystem approach to management and are harmonised regionally; designating marine fishery reserves; developing financial mechanisms to sustain marine protected areas; eliminating destructive fishing practices; developing economic alternatives to unsustainable fishing; and promoting economic incentives for conservation. • The institutional infrastructure and financial sustainability for implementing and enforcing national and international government policies needs improvement in Mexico and Belize and full development in the other countries. Policies and legislation to strengthen cooperation and coordination on conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs at the regional level need to be developed. • There is an immediate and attainable requirement to develop the infrastructure and capacity to carry out an interdisciplinary regional program for collecting, exchanging, and using important ecological and socioeconomic information as well as monitoring the regional status of coral reefs and their resources. • Raising environmental consciousness on the importance of coral reefs and the need to conserve their resources is the highest priority that needs to be incorporated into all of the above recommendations. Local, national, and regional education/awareness programmes need to be developed along with incentives to promote conservation and to take action to use coral reefs in a sustainable manner. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION Authors Philip A. Kramer, University of Miami/RSMAS.USA. pkramer@rsmas.miami.edu Patricia Richards Kramer, University of Miami/RSMAS. USA. tkramer@rsmas.miami.edu Ernesto Arias-Gonzalez, CINVESTAV-Univ. Merida, MX earias@mda.cinvestav.mx Melanie D. McField, University of South Florida. USA/BZ. mcfield@btl.net We thank R. Ginsburg, M. Hatziolis, H. Reyes Bonilla, M. Vierros, P. Dulin, P. Sale, and C. Wilkinson for their comments. Invaluable information was gained through communications with many experts in the region including M. Alamilla, A. Arrivillaga, B. Aspra, J. Azueta J. Barborak, J. Bezaury, T. Bright, A. Fonseca, C. Garcia Saez, R. Garza-Perez, J. Gibson, D. Gomez, J. Gonzalez Cano, A. Izurieta, N. Jacobs, E. Jordan-Dahlgren, M. Jorge, M. Lara, R. Loreto, S. Marin, C. Padilla, J. Robinson, R. Rodriguez, A. Salaverria, G. Smith, G. Vincent, B. Wade, and N. Windevoxel. The Mexican National Report by J.P. Carricart-Gavinet, J.Carriquiry, D. Gutiérrez Carbonell, M. Lara Pérez, G. Horta Puga, G. Leyte, P. Medina, H. Reyes, and J.M. Vargas, provides further information. Additional information came from unpublished reports of S. Andrefouet et al., C. Bouchon et al., Huitric and McField, G. Horta Puga; Nunez-Lara et al.; A.M. Garduno; and C. Gonzalez-Gandara. Many exceptional resources were used to compile this report and full citations can be 312
Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America found on the AGRRA website www.coral.aoml.noaa.gov/agra/. Other general resources include: www.fao.org; www.worldbank.org; www.reef.org www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/; www.ims.wcmc.org.uk; and www.fao.WAICENT/FAOINFO/FISHERY/STATIST/FISOFT/fishplus.asp. KEY DOCUMENTS FAO. 2000. Conservation and sustainable use of MBRS. Threat & Root Cause Analysis. Report # 00/008 CP-CAM. Gibson, J., M. McField and S. Wells. 1998. Coral Reef Management in Belize: an Approach through Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Ocean & Coastal Mgmt. 39:229-244. Guzman, H.M.(ed.). 1998. Cayos Cochinos Archipelago, Honduras. Revista de Biologia Tropical 46. ICRI. 1998. Status of coral reefs in Mexico and United States Gulf of Mexico. NOAA No. FAO-A-40AANF703477 (CD-ROM). Jameson S.C., L.J. Trott, M.J. Marshall, M.J. Childress. 2000. Nicaragua: Caribbean and Pacific coasts. In: Sheppard C (ed) Seas of the Millennium: an environmental evaluation, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Chapter 32 pp 505-518, Chapter 33, pp519-531. Kramer, P.A. and P.R. Kramer. 2000. Ecological status of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System: impacts of Hurricane Mitch and 1998 coral bleaching. Final report to the World Bank. UNESCO. 1998. CARICOMP –Caribbean coral reef, seagrass, and mangrove sites. Coastal region and small island papers 3, UNESCO, Paris. USAID. 1996. Recommendations and Reports for the Management of Fisheries in the Miskito Coast Marine Reserve of Nicaragua. Environmental Initiative of the Americas. 313
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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