Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 ecosystems. The Health Secretariat has jurisdiction over issues affecting health and subsequently natural resources. There is extensive legislation including key regulations such as: Declaration of Tulum 1997; Ecology Law 1988; Fisheries Law 1992; National Waters Law 1992; Federal Ocean Law 1986; Port and Navigation Law; and National Properties Law. Mexico has an extensive and effective protected areas program, with numerous ecological zoning programmes responsible for regulating coastal activities. Belize There is the legal and institutional policy framework to manage coral reefs, but there is a lack of enforcement and monitoring capacity. The system of MPAs is not financially sustainable, and relies on international support. Administrative units involved with the conservation and sustainable use of coastal marine resources include: • Fisheries Department - management of fisheries, responsibility for marine reserves; plans to delegate more to NGOs • Forestry Department – responsibility for National Parks, most delegated to NGOs • Coastal Zone Management Authority/Institute – monitoring and research, conservation and MPA planning, policy development, financing of many MPAs • Marine Protected Areas Committee - promotes communication among MPAs; • National Coral Reef Monitoring Group- proposed coordination for national reef monitoring efforts; • Barrier Reef Committee - oversees MBRS project and World Heritage sites; • Coastal Zone Advisory Committee - shares information and advice between governmental departments and NGOs • Land Utilisation Authority - regulates land use; • Department of Environment - enforces environmental regulations; • NEAC (National Environmental Appraisal Committee) - approves/disapproves EIAs • Belize Tourist Board - oversees tourism industry. The pertinent laws include: the Fisheries Act 1948; Environmental Impact Assessment 1995; Environmental Protection Act 1992; Water and Sewerage Act 1971; Declaration of Tulum 1997; and Coastal Zone Management Act 1998. Guatemala There are few laws or regulations that pertain directly to coral reefs, although several may benefit reefs indirectly: Declaration of Tulum 1997; Decrees Issued by the Congress of the Republic on protected areas and reefs; Elimination and Disposal of Sewage and Residual Water; Law for the Rational Exploitation of the Fisheries Resources of the Country; Law of Protection and Improvement of the Environment; Regulatory Law of the Areas of Territorial Reserves of the State of Guatemala; and Rules Concerning an Environmental Impact Assessment. Honduras There are several laws and regulations affecting coral reef resources, although the enforcement of these is sometimes lacking. Important regulations includes Declaration of Tulum; Biodiversity Convention; Central American Component for the Protection of the Environment Convention, Environmental Protection; Climatic Change Convention; 308
Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America Conservation of Biodiversity in Central America Convention; General Law of the Environment; Fisheries Law, Fisheries Resolutions; Law for Planning and Development of Tourism Zones; and Merchant Marine Law. Nicaragua There is no national legislation or institutional framework dedicated to conserving coral reefs. The Instituto Nicaraguense de Recurosos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA) is in charge of conservation and wildlife. In 1991, 23 coastal Miskito communities made an agreement with the Nicaraguan Ministry of Natural Resources and international conservation groups to establish the largest coastal marine protected area - the Miskito Coast Protected Area (MCPA). The agreement supports true community-based marine management where the local Miskito communities have the right and responsibility to manage their own marine resources. In addition, guidance from an advisory team, assistance to provide enforcement of the MPA, and national and international financing assistance is included. In 1993, a national integrated coastal zone management plan (PAA-NAC) was approved to promote the sustainable use of coastal resources, but implementation has been slow. Other existing regulations need updating and modification, while several proposed laws are waiting for approval (e.g. Fishery and Aquaculture Law). There are a few small NGOs, but few collaborative efforts between them or public/private partnerships to manage coastal resources. El Salvador There is no legislation for coral reefs probably due to the lack of reef resources. INFORMATION GAPS, MONITORING AND RESEARCH NEEDS Significant information is lacking on key issues required to improve our understanding and ability to manage coral reefs and minimise human impacts. Based on existing information of the status and threats to coral reefs in the region, these are four target areas that require further focus: 1) Sustaining fishery resources • Fishing activity (effort, catch) • Status of fisheries resources (population, life history data) • Location, size and exploitation of nursery and spawning areas • Economic alternatives to fishing • Larval dispersal, juvenile settlement, adult migration patterns 2) Conserving coral reefs • Status and distribution of coral reefs • Physical oceanography data (currents, wind, gyres) • Water temperature trends and patterns • Information on other coral benthos, particularly keystone species 3) Sustainable development • Current and projected land use • Land carrying capacity • Tourism levels and potential sustainable expansion • Agricultural development and impacts 4) Improving Water Quality 309
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Status of Coral Reefs of the World:
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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