Status of Coral Reefs of the World 2000

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Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 Coral Reef Monitoring Monitoring capacity and activities vary considerably across the region, with some regional monitoring programmes including GCRMN, AGRRA, REEF, Reef Keeper and Reef Check, and numerous local and national programmes. Most monitoring and research has been conducted recently at select locations in Belize and Mexico, and more recently in Cayos Cochinos and Roatan (limited), Honduras. Monitoring is almost non-existent in Guatemala and Nicaragua. A recent review in the MBRS showed that a lack of a regional monitoring perspective, and poor coordination and data sharing among monitoring programmes were hindering conservation efforts. Monitoring capacity is often based in a NGO or academic sector with limited ties to decision making. Many government agencies lack the funding and capacity to implement extensive monitoring programmes to assist in policy formulation. Therefore MBRS Initiative focuses on improving monitoring capacity, developing an integrated regional perspective, and improving access to environmental information throughout the region. Only Mexico and Belize had national geo-referenced databases and an integrated environmental information system. But a new regional Geographical Information System (GIS) database has been created to develop a more comprehensive and regional approach to monitoring (RSMAS/WWF), and to include ecological, physical, and socioeconomic data as part of a distributed data based monitoring and information system. Mexico Regional monitoring programmes include CARICOMP, AGRRA, REEF, Reef Keeper and ReefCheck. Institutions involved with local monitoring include SEMARNAP, UNAM, ECOSUR, Amigos de Sian Ka’an, CINVESTAV, Universidad Quintana Roo, Centro Ukana I Akumal, EcoSur, University of Miami, INVESTAV, INVEMAR, University of Miami/RSMAS, University of Maine, University of Rhode Island/CRC, and Dauphin Island Sea Lab. On the Pacific coast, ongoing monitoring is done by the Universities: Baja California (La Paz), Guadalara (Puerto Vallarta) and del Mar (Puerto Angel). Several scientific studies are ongoing by Mexican and international academic institutions. Belize Regional monitoring programmes include CARICOMP, AGRRA, CPACC and REEF. Institutions involved with local monitoring include Coastal Zone Management Authority, Belize Dept. of Fisheries, Belize Audubon Society, University College of Belize, The Nature Conservancy/TIDE, Greenreef, University of South Florida (M. McField), CARICOM Fisheries Unit, CFRAMP, Wildlife Conservation Society, University of Miami/RSMAS. There are numerous scientific studies by foreign academic institutions. Guatemala With few coral reef resources, most monitoring revolves around forestry, ecotourism, environmental education, capacity building, and sustainable land development. Groups involved include Fundary (Fundacion mario Dary), Association for Research and Social Studies (ASIES), PROARCA/COSTAS, WWF, USAID, FUNDAECO Izabel, CONAP, CECON (Centro para Estudios Conservacionistas), Sierra de Sta. Cruz, and Sierra de las Minas. 306
Status of Coral Reefs of Northern Central America Honduras Groups involved with monitoring include Cayos Cochinos Marine Reserve, Bay Island Conservation Association, Biodiversity of Protected Areas Project (PROBAP), Wildlife Conservation Society, WWF, AGRRA, CARICOMP, Inter Development Bank (BID), REEF, USGS, and NOAA. Nicaragua Groups involved with monitoring/research include Mikupia, Miskito Reef Mapping Project, USAID, CARICOMP, and MARENA. GOVERNMENT POLICIES, LAWS AND LEGISLATION Mexico has signed all major international agreements dealing with coastal and marine biodiversity, while the other countries are party to a number of international agreements. The most significant regional plan for increasing government capacity to protect coral reefs is the Declaration of Tulum. The Cartagena Convention is also important to protect and conserve fragile ecosystems, as countries agreed to prevent, reduce and control pollution from ships, dumping, sea-bed activities, airborne, and land-based sources and activities within the Wider Caribbean. National government capacity varies with each country, yet there is an overall lack of infrastructure and weak institutional framework that has lead to poor implementation of international agreements and a lack of enforcement of national environmental regulations. Mexico There is extensive legislation and a solid institutional capacity to manage natural resources. The Secretariat of the Environment, Natural Resources and Fisheries (Secretaria del Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca - SEMARNAP) is the Federal Government agency responsible for managing natural resources and fisheries. SEMARNAP oversees the following administrative units that have jurisdiction over the management of coastal and marine ecosystems: • Federal Attorney for Protection of Environment (PROFEPA) - Enforcement of environmental law; • National Institute of Ecology (INE)- Protected areas, wildlife management, pollution control, environmental zoning and environmental impact assessment; • National Institute of Fisheries (INP)- Fisheries research; • National Water Commission (CNA)- Water management; • Undersecretariat of Fisheries- Fisheries management, aquaculture and fisheries infrastructure; and • Undersecretariat of Natural Resources- Federal marine-coastal zone, soil conservation, forestry. Other Federal agencies with jurisdiction over coastal and marine ecosystem management include: the Navy Secretariat; the Transportation and Communications Secretariat; the Tourism Secretariat; the Governance Secretariat and the Health Secretariat. The Governance Secretariat administers federal islands and cays, including the management of island 307
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FOREWORD Over the past few years, I
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CONTENTS COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERR
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COUNTRIES, STATES AND TERRITORIES A
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Countries, States and Territories T
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CLIVE WILKINSON T
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Executive Summary CORAL BLEACHING I
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Executive Summary South Asia Most r
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Executive Summary parts of Fiji and
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Executive Summary management and mo
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Executive Summary tourism developme
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Executive Summary problem is loomin
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6. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN SOUTH A
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Status of Coral Reefs in South Asia
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8. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF EAST AN
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Status of Coral Reefs of East and N
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9. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AUSTRAL
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Status of Coral Reefs of Australasi
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10. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS IN THE SO
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Status of Coral Reefs in the Southw
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11. STATUS OF SOUTHEAST AND CENTRAL
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Status of Southeast and Central Pac
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12. STATUS OF CORAL REEFS OF AMERIC
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Status of Coral Reefs of American S
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Sponsoring Organisations, Coral Ree
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AGRRA AIMS ASEAN B
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